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E. Governance and human rights: 10. Right to Food and Earth Rights Discussion group No. 10 addressed several cross-cutting issues relating to the “right to food and earth rights.” The group’s vision was “women, youth, indigenous peoples and local communities have, at all times, access to safe, nutritious, and culturally appropriate food that is produced and consumed in harmony with nature, protecting and promoting environmental rights and indigenous peoples’ rights.” In summary, participants underscored that the right to food and the rights of nature are complementary rights and sh... قراءة المزيدould be addressed synergistically, considering cultural norms, standards, and practices. Among participants there was no view about contradiction between right to food and right to earth. Moreover, participants expressed complementary views concerning the dimensions of the right to food and the rights of indigenous peoples and traditional communities (IPLCs), women, children, youth, and small-holder farmers. They underscored several challenges faced by these groups such as access to land, access to nutritious and culturally appropriate food, access to markets, access to seeds, adverse impact of industrial agricultural practices on food security, food sovereignty, land and water contamination from pesticides and other chemicals, lack of supporting policies that triggers rural youth migration, and commercialization of organic farming. As one participant highlighted, “lack of access to land can be considered as a form of discrimination against women.” (adapted) There was strong agreement about the role of women on food security and nutrition as well as and access to land for women. Considering these challenges, participants identified, inter alia, key concrete initiatives and priorities to achieve the group’s vision, as follows: • Take urgent, coordinated action to promote food systems transformations, identifying good practices and further developing the evidence base of nature-positive food systems’ contributions. • Create enabling environments and frameworks for sustainable agriculture, including regenerative agriculture, organic agriculture, and agroecology • Provide capacity-building opportunities for food system actors. • Generate more opportunities for youth in agriculture. • Facilitate access to information on food and environmental rights, fostering knowledge sharing among different stakeholders, including women, youth, and IPLCs. • Further research and discuss animal rights and animal welfare, identifying good practices and examples across different cultures and societies. • Further discuss human rights obligations of private sector, and the need of extraterritorial obligations of corporations. • Provide legal assistance to indigenous peoples and local communities. • Disseminate the outcomes of the global food system dialogues at the local, national, and regional levels, promoting cross-sectoral partnerships. Lastly, participants agreed that working in harmony with nature is crucial to achieving food system transformations. This transition should fully consider local knowledge and experiences, women’s contributions to nutrition, and the role of family farmers in promoting sustainable practices. When this is observed, it is a “win-win situation” for people, the planet, and ecosystems. قراءة القليل

Describe in under 5,600 characters including spaces Participants in Discussion Group 1 commented on the statement ‘Healthy food and diet to provide opportunities to farmers’. Accordingly, the issue of opportunities is not related to the nutrition of the diet, but rather it depends on how the supply chain is organized and on how it distributes the value that is created. As long as the issue of equity and power balance is not addressed to allow a fair share for farmers, there will be little opportunities from them. Different perspectives between developed and developing countries were also h... قراءة المزيدighlighted by participants. On consumer choices, for instance, it was underlined that “It is very easy for the developed countries to say that they will only buy deforestation free commodities. But they should understand what impact it could have on developing countries, particularly on the farmers that depend on livestock for their livelihoods. This is particularly important with the current context in Brazil”. Moreover, it was also noted that “Eco-friendly products have a higher price tag, and majority of people in the developing countries, such as Thailand, can’t afford it. Therefore, eco-friendly products have remained accessible to the rich people only”. Finally, different views were expressed regarding the issue of subsidies, particularly in the fisheries sector. On the one hand, participants in Discussion Group 4 highlighted the importance of supporting industries, especially small-scale businesses and the ones involved in aquaculture practices. On the other hand, it was underlined that the use of subsidies in some areas of the world, like the Small Island Developing States (SIDS) undermines the balance of the fish industry. Participants also stressed the importance of protecting fish stocks and extending the area of marine protected areas. قراءة القليل

D. Sustainable and resilient recovery: 7. One Health approach The “One health approach” in nature-positive food systems is very complex one. First, One Health has different priorities in different regions. In many developing countries meat consumption is increasing with increasing wealth especially in the urban population, and the focus is on developing better approaches to livestock. In Europe, the discussion focuses on agricultural subsidies which have been in favor of large agro-industrial business at the expense of small family-owned businesses and biodiversity. There is the challenge ... قراءة المزيدof feeding a growing human population while producing food in a sustainable way. Participants formulated the key message “One health at the heart of food systems” for increased health, increased production and increased ecosystem services, in other words, “healthy diets in healthy systems”. And this is one of the key questions, how to bring biodiversity and other co-benefits back into the food production. Regional approaches are one element, but also the cross sectoral nature and different levels are important: a key observation in this group was that decision makers often involve a few stakeholders in the dialogue on agricultural policy, and often these are the influential agro-industrial companies and not the individual farmers. Also, we do not have Ministries for One Health, and we often lack cross sectoral collaboration, and often this has ledled to situations where agricultural policies and subsidies have had adverse and unintended effects. And farmers are not being compensated for sustainable production and land management. For a successful transformation towards a more sustainable food production system we first need to understand the complex system with trade offs, potentially unintended negative impacts of policy decisions better and negative feedback loops better. The participants came up with the idea to create a dashboard to analsye feedback loops and trade offs. قراءة القليل

D. Sustainable and resilient recovery: 8. Valuing nature An evaluation framework geared to what we want to achieve can be extremely powerful to address impacts along the value chain, especially if it takes an inclusive and economic narrative involving all beneficiaries and constituencies. In the case of Gabon, major human-wildlife conflicts have indicated that targeted perception shifts amongst the public are required for the adoption of pro-biodiversity policies. The case also needs to be made where certain species demonstrate value for ecosystems as well as for its contributing ecosystem ser... قراءة المزيدvices. It is therefore vital that not only the monetary value is highlighted, but also that the non-monetary intrinsic values of nature are recognised – “we can’t just do it with dollars”. Focus must be shifted from trade-offs towards win-win opportunities, such as agro-ecology and carbon neutral transitions. The co-benefits in eco-agri-food systems need to be clearly highlighted, and local and traditionally led solutions should be put forward as an opportunity. Climate funds and associated finance must also be directed to the countries requiring the most support. The eco-agri-food system must be understood in a fully inclusive way. The pathway towards a food system transition must be clearly mapped-out and must be just as it involves all different constituencies, to be able to discover win-win solutions. Participants also reflected upon the exclusion of agro-ecological approaches as a means of a sustainable food systems transformation. Establishing a coalition approach is vital to achieving sustainable impacts where best practices can be shared. The FSS enables youth involvement alongside the UN agencies and member states leading the Action Tracks; this model should be replicated more widely. The phrase “nothing about youth, without youth” must be mainstreamed in future dialogues of multilateralism and youth engagement in the post-COVID recovery. Globally, governments provide massive annual farm subsidies, much of which presents detrimental impacts on natural, social and human capital. Subsidies should be redirected towards regenerative farming and the uptake of alternative non-animal-sourced proteins, to perceive and assimilate the true value of food. Furthermore, the environment and agriculture ministries in Gabon are collaborating on a land allocation plan where the agricultural land is all compliantly managed and ecologically sensitive to forests and wildlife. Certification is required to obtain grants and ecological frameworks are being used as a lever to promote green investments. There is also a need to influence shifts to regulations in public procurement, such as introducing obligatory vegetarian catering in academic institutions, targeting mindset shifts to reshape future societies. “Given that the Global Nutrition Report says that our diets are the main burdens of disease, changing our habits would surely change our diets, and where better to start than in schools”. قراءة القليل

E. Governance and human rights: 9. Linking Food Systems and Environmental governance Three main issues in relation to linking food systems and environmental governance were discussed: 1) The necessity of breaking silos between agriculture and the environment Participants discussed silos as a widespread problem. These silos exist from the local to national level. A number of solutions to this were discussed including establishing cross-sectoral governance that looks at food systems. For example, a food systems governance structure within a national government that looks at food systems from mul... قراءة المزيدtiple perspectives to get a whole systems approach. This needs to expand beyond agriculture and environment to bring in health and finance sectors as well. Cross-sectoral governance is currently reactive (it happens in emergency situations) and needs to be proactive. This is not a one size fits all solution, but would need to be tailored to different contexts. 2) Bringing food systems into multilateral agreements In this area participants discussed the need to strike a balance between environmental and social issues to really build a resilient system. The need for better metrics was discussed as well as the need to develop standards across countries so that, for example, farmers can be rewarded for approaches like carbon farming. The need for countries to focus on GHG emissions linked both to production as well as consumption was seen as a key way to get more accurate accounting. Land was discussed as a critical focus that links food systems and environmental issues to a number of conventions (including biodiversity, climate, desertification). 3) Solutions that can happen over the next two to three years Number of ideas were shared that were seen as key ones to develop over the next few years. These included the idea, highlighted above, of building cross-sectoral teams focused on food systems governance building on the momentum coming out of the FSS. Another idea was that of developing metrics for agriculture across different regions. This would help to build global standards and feed into legally binding targets set through multilateral agreements. قراءة القليل

1. A transformation of global food systems is needed to positively impact nature and tackle current planetary and human health crisis. Food is central to our lives and it is also central to the triple planetary crisis of climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution that the world is currently facing. The global food system is the primary driver of biodiversity loss. Agriculture is a threat to the 85% of species at risk of extinction and close to 90% of the world's marine fish stocks are fully exploited, overexploited or depleted. Over the past 50 years, pollution by fertilizers, chemicals a... قراءة المزيدnd pesticides and the conversion of natural ecosystems for crop production or pasture have been the principal causes of habitat loss. Anti-microbials in the environment and food value chains are a growing cause of human and animal death. As the world’s population is predicted to reach 9 billion by 2050, it is estimated that 70% more food calories will be needed. This will have an impact on our changing climate, with livestock currently contributing to 14.5% of GHG emissions and global food loss and waste generating annually about 8% of total anthropogenic GHG emissions. The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the complex relation between human, animal and ecosystems health. 75% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic and evidence points to the biodiversity crisis as a contributory factor in the emergence of COVID-19. Food systems are also the backbone of human health: poor diets are the leading cause of death and often cause non-communicable diseases. “A transformation of food systems is central to the achievement of all 17 SDGs. From equity to education, from sustainable consumption and production to health, it has now become a matter of survival” (Inger Andersen, Executive Director, UNEP). 2. All of us need to come together to ensure nature-positive food systems – before and after the farm gate. Concrete action to transform our global diets, informed by national and cultural contexts and a reduction in food waste are critical to breaking the system lock-ins that have driven the intensification of agriculture and the continued conversion of native ecosystems to crop production and pasture. “We all need to eat to survive. Food that is a great connector, it's a universal language. Around the table we are equals, and, even more importantly, around the table we are together and ‘we are the revolution’” Chef Massimo Bottura (UNEP Goodwill Ambassador). Restoring 15% of converted lands in right places could prevent 60% of projected species extinctions. The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration will catalyse global action to prevent, halt and reverse the degradation of ecosystems on every continent and in every ocean. Limiting the use of harmful and polluting inputs, replacing monoculture with polyculture farming practices, promoting deforestation-free and nature positive supply chains, as well as truly accounting for nature’s values and costs could not only make our way of farming more sustainable, but would also increase coherence between global agreements and national and local level action, while embedding a ‘food systems approach’ throughout. 3. “Dialogues lead to surprising connections that have the power to change us all for the good” (David Nabarro, Curator of the Summit Dialogues) This Dialogue and the platform it offered as well as the multiple country dialogues planned in the build-up to the FSS and beyond are critical to unlocking the solutions to our triple planetary crisis by diving into the complexity using a food systems lens. “Let's use this Dialogue to think through how we can come together to cause systemic change in our food systems. Let’s build a real agenda for change. Change will only happen if we put nature at the centre of our financial and socioeconomic systems”. (Agnes Kalibata, UN SG’s Special Envoy). “Every event, every dialogue, every conversation we have in the run-up to the Food Systems Summit is an opportunity to ensure food is mainstreamed in the preparations of the three Rio Conventions on Biodiversity, Climate Change and Desertification” (Susan Gardner, Director – Ecosystems, UNEP). قراءة القليل

1. System thinking: the global food system is characterised by strong imbalances as well as incredible interconnections. Shifting the needle towards an approach where people and planet are placed at the heart will allow to break silos and address inequities, a fundamental step towards transformative change. 2. Rights and governance: the process of placing people and planet at the centre of sustainable food systems can be facilitated by taking a human rights approach which leaves no one behind while empowering local communities, women and young people. Applying a food systems lenses can strengt... قراءة المزيدhen environmental governance at global, national and local level. 3. Finding solutions: food systems dialogues have been an incredible opportunity to advance global exchanges on key issues such as nutrition, food waste and urban agriculture, as well as to focus on the health of specific ecosystems and its management. The Food Systems Summit will be a ‘solutions Summit’ and momentum must be kept to advance actions at all levels. 4. Valuing nature: the adoption and implementation of standards, metrics and accounts which take into consideration the real value of nature through the entire supply chain will be fundamental to advance the transformation towards sustainable food systems as well as to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. قراءة القليل

A. Behaviour change and sustainable food consumption: 1. Healthy diets, nutritious food and new opportunities for farmers It may be too simplistic to say that the transition to a healthy sustainable diet may create opportunities for farmers, because farmers have different responsibilities not simply to produce a basket of a diet but producing crops that could then be part of nutritious diet. There are global and local food systems and power imbalances can be at several levels and across various places around the world. There are many barriers with regards to sustainable food production like th... قراءة المزيدe power imbalance, but it may also be because of trade and consumers for example in in high income countries demanding a lot of input from producing countries and therefore contributing to deforestation another environmental problem. The coin can be flipped by turning it into an opportunity if we buy directly from farmers so that a market can be created that could not only stimulate sustainable production on the farmers side but also help that farmer produce not just sustainably, but also possibly more output. The indigenous or local farmers play a key role in sustainable food production. We need diets which are healthy for human body as well as for the planet. Educating the farmers not only about the market systems but also about providing them with skills and knowledge to produce in a sustainable way. The fiscal policies (subsidies and taxes) could help in transitioning towards a healthy more sustainable diet. Good governance practices are required balance power relations and facilitate fair trade. The farmers need to be equipped with good tools and knowledge in order to not just know ‘How to produce?’, but also ‘What to produce?’ And at the same time, the consumers should know what to eat and from what source and what prices to pay? If we need to make these transitions, we need to look at barriers both on the producer’s and consumer’s side and create an enabling policy environment. National Food-based Dietary Guidelines are helpful tools that inform both consumers, producers and policy makers what is a healthy diet. There is a need specifically to look at small holder farmers for an enabling environment in order to be able to sustainably produce, but also to produce those items which are fit for healthy diet. We can make use of latest technologies in order to bring these transitions. قراءة القليل

A. Behaviour change and sustainable food consumption: 2. Food loss and waste, behaviour change and circularity Food loss and waste is an issue on which there is significant interest and consensus on the need for action. The discussion group, comprising government, private sector and civil society and mainly non-specialists in the topic, considered how governments, businesses and individuals can be better supported in measuring and reducing their food loss and waste. Several areas for action were highlighted, including: • Expanding private sector collaboration for sustainable supply chains, t... قراءة المزيدogether with government where possible • Securing cross-governmental collaboration (Ministries of Agriculture, Environment and others working together), giving coordinating mandate to one governmental office across Ministries. Executive-level political support helps support integrated approach. • Identifying meaningful stories and images to stimulate transformation and behaviour change (for example Switzerland shared that half of Swiss agricultural land is used to produce food that is thrown away.) • Reducing misunderstanding of and reliance on expiry dates, through consumer information, education and regulatory frameworks • Improving access to sustainable cooling and cold chains • Developing better systems for redistribution of surplus Considering how to support behaviour change, the group’s recommendations were to: make it personal, and within one’s own control; track individual food waste data; engage the retail and gastronomy sectors; and get portion sizes right (for both healthy diets and waste reduction). Also highlighted was the opportunity to use food packaging and labelling, QR codes or other technologies to spark the imagination that this food came out of an ecosystem. The role of youth in leading the way to transform household and family food behaviours was highlighted by the group (“food to a student is not cheap”), alongside a growing awareness that addressing food waste is a key way to reduce individual climate impact. Ministries of Education may have a role to play in developing national food waste prevention strategies. The critical role of women in purchasing and preparing food was considered. Finally, the need to raise awareness that consumer food waste is a global, not just a rich country issue was underlined, as this is not yet widely known, while supporting developing countries in taking action. قراءة القليل

B. Climate- and nature-positive food production: 3. Deforestation-free supply chains Overall, the session touched on several topics within the agenda of deforestation-free supply chains and are categorized in three sections. 1. The importance of system shift: It is critical to look at the supply chains from systems perspective, and that system includes farmers, consumers, traders, dealers, private companies, financial institutions, policy makers and others. The system shift is critical, but it is also very complex at the same time. True cost accounting or natural capital accounting offers oppo... قراءة المزيدrtunities to integrate the full cost of food but several real challenges, such as ability and willingness of the consumers to pay across different countries as well as the complexity associated with true cost accounting, were discussed. How the subsidies are structured also needs a shift from incentivizing unsustainable land use conversion and extensive use of chemicals to promoting eco-friendly food systems. This point also underscores that we need to look at farmers not as enemies but as important partners whole livelihoods depend on agriculture and food systems. The system shift must strengthen rather than undermine their livelihoods. 2. Solutions: The role of finance is critically important in financing that shift in the sustainable food systems and that finance needs to be mobilized from both private and public sectors through effective mechanism. Agroforestry and regenerative production systems such as Silvopastoral could offer opportunities to not just reduce negative ecological impacts but could potentially create ecological benefits. At the same time, it will also be important to look at the carrying capacity for a sustainable livestock system and look at consumer behaviour change and heathy diets as approaches to shift the demand. Technology (machines) that could deploy agroforestry and regenerative systems at large scale will be important solutions to this system shift but still this remains in the testing and pilot phase. Finally, regulations underpin many of these solutions in a way that they create enabling conditions for consumers, companies, farmers, trader, and financial institutions to make that system shift. 3. Importance of a positive narrative: It is critical that rather than blaming farmers, companies, or countries, we listen to the concerns of different stakeholders, including those from producing countries, and find ways to work together to make this system shift in a collaborative way. قراءة القليل

B. Climate- and nature-positive food production: 4. Oceans, waterways and aquatic foods The breakout session focusing on oceans, waterways and aquatic foods saw the participation of eight participants, including the facilitator, UNEP representative, and notetaker. The discussion revolved around fisheries, aquaculture, opportunities, and challenges in addressing aquatic conservation in food systems, with a focus on countries and regions. Among the key messages, the participants highlighted that: • When talking about fisheries, the narrative is usually negative. Estimates say that up to 50% of... قراءة المزيد seafood is wasted and there are huge losses along the supply chain at both household and retail levels. • On the bright side, however, there is evidence showing that if managed sustainably, we can rebuild the global fish stocks. • Subsidies remain among the major challenges, especially for Small Island Developing States (SIDS). • There is a need for investments in small-scale fish production. • There is a need for involving fisheries’ representatives in dialogues and decision-making. From the food systems perspective, there is often a lack of data and/or no participation from this category. The participants agreed that there is a general disconnection when talking about food systems. People usually think about land-based food systems and forget about fisheries and aquaculture. There is also fragmentation: very often, fisheries and aquaculture fall under the management of different ministries with the consequence of creating silos. Food waste remains a major problem and, in many cases, there is a lack of country-level dialogue to support the voice of small producers. Subsidies remain a hot topic of discussion: participants agreed that in some instances they create more problems than solutions. However, in other cases, subsidies are needed to support sustainable aquaculture. Participants finally agreed that there is a need for knowledge and expertise sharing when it comes to fisheries and aquaculture. This is because the consumers want to do the right thing, but they often do not know how to do it. قراءة القليل

C. Ecosystem restoration for nature and people: 5. Integrated land management and ecosystem restoration The group began by talking about language and terminology and recognized that that there are many terms that are considered to be part of integrated landscape management and sometimes is easy to get stuck in terminology which are often rooted in ideology. There is a need to overcome this debate and one possible way of doing so is to focus more on shared goals than on arguing about particular agricultural practices or technologies that might constitute this broad arena of integrated landscape... قراءة المزيد management. Integrated landscape management can work when different stakeholders recognize they are part of the same system and they are able to articulate shared goals for improving the food system and the production practices in a particular landscape. In addition to shared goals, using a spatial framing for planning production systems and planning land use would help improve sustainable production systems. This can help create mosaics where lots of different variety of different land uses can support the multiple goals of diverse stakeholders in a particular region. So rather than assume, for example, that an area needs to focus on agroecology versus intensification, if we look at the pathway to sustainability, we may need some areas that are still focused a little bit more on intensification of management systems and intensification of external inputs at the same time. Moving towards a larger landscape approach is not going to rely on intensification, but rather more on agroecological approaches. Shared goals and the use a spatial framing to plan our transition into more nature-positive food systems were identified as key angles for accelerating change. A key barrier against moving in this direction is mitigating the risks that farmers are often saddled with in making these transitions. Moreover, there is a so-called missing middle between practitioners and policymakers in many cases. There are many laudable policies practices in place. However, the capacity building and the incentives to change are often lacking and subsidies as well as other harmful practices might hinder this important transformative process. قراءة القليل

C. Ecosystem restoration for nature and people: 6. Urban farming and community involvement There was overall agreement during the discussions. Participants find urban and peri-urban farming systems (UPA) relevant as it contributes to food systems resilience and sustainability. UPA is important in the context of COVID-19, demography of urban areas, and people needing to eat healthy food. UPA increases access to seasonal fresh and nutritious food. It offers diversity for food basket based on local ingredients, since supermarkets offer globalized options. People that grow their own food are incen... قراءة المزيدtivized to reduce the use of pesticides and chemicals, and to eat seasonable food. UPA benefits mental health. It contributes to circular economy - by reducing food miles and closing loops - and to better use of urban land for producing food. UPA supports the New Urban Agenda, given its role as a protection of further development of built-up areas, for the quality of soils, mitigation of global warming, and urban-rural linkages. It improves livelihoods across the value chain. The challenges for UPA are: urbanization and urban sprawl; lack of policy support and integration of UPA into urban planning. Scarcity of natural resources (eg. water, soil). Lack of evidence on benefits and innovation types. Lack of inclusivity and incentives (eg. knowledge, economic, and access to resources). Not fully discussed was the challenges faced in climates with limited growing seasons; nor the costs of producing food year round, including if the objective is nutritional diversity and food security the types of foods that are currently highest value in high-tech containerized farms being micro-greens that offer limited contribution to local food security. The group agreed the following need to happen to upscale UPA and mentioned good practices: more research for options for innovations in resource management (eg. water use, more plant-based demand; etc.) and evidence on the socio-economic benefits. More policy support and incentives at local and national levels (eg. in UK, UPA to be mentioned in national policy). Integration in urban planning, to allow the use of unused plots and abandoned lands (eg. In Germany, people owing their plots to grow food). Governments can provide incentives to farmers and citizens through access to land, water, etc (eg. in Ethiopia the government cover the costs of water for the poor). School gardens could be upscaled to educate children, while the word of influencers can incentivize people to grow their own food (eg, in Georgia citizens started growing their own food due to the COVID-19 pandemic.). Demonstration projects help to show circular approaches, such as rooftop gardens in buildings, water recycling (eg. In Israel, sewage water is recycled for UPA). UPA needs to be inclusive, by providing right incentives for farmers and urban poor. Farmers require access to digital tools. Finally, UPA requires viable business models, with creation of markets for UPA products (urban farms supplying restaurants, supermarkets, etc), while countries can invest on UPA for substituting some of the need for importing food. All actors of the value chain should be involved, but especially, governments (local authorities, national ministries), the education system and children (given the impact of engaging at this stage of development); farmers; research institutes and universities; private sector (eg. social entrepreneurs, restaurants, the retails sector, etc), and citizens that can grow their own food. قراءة القليل

The major areas of focus were reflected in the topics of the ten breakout rooms, which cut across all Summit Action tracks and Sustainable Development Goals and included: 1. International Trade in Food In Times of Crisis 2. Can the Reform of Agricultural Subsidies Contribute to Food System Transformation? 3. The WTO Agreement on Agriculture (AoA); The Way Forward 4. Trade Facilitation and the Cutting of Red Tape for Food System Transformation 5. Global Agricultural Value Chains 6. Realizing the Human Right to Food 7. Ensuring Sustainable Food Trade 8. Nutrition Security and International Trade... قراءة المزيد 9. Food Security and International Trade 10. Food Safety and International Trade Under each of the breakout rooms, the Sustainable Development Goals relevant to each room were identified so as to carefully frame the discussions. In addition, a high-level opening and closing plenary allowed for a clear political signal to be sent by the WTO and UNFSS leadership on the need for international trade for global food security. قراءة القليل

The three main topics of discussion, by breakout room, included: 1. International Trade in Food In Times of Crisis • Can international trade in food be made more resilient in times of crisis? • How can food export restrictions best be addressed? • How can Global Food Value Chains (GVCs) be protected from disruption during crises? Facilitator: Shenggen Fan Senior Chair Professor College of Economics and Management China Agriculture University 2. Can the Reform of Agricultural Subsidies Contribute to Food System Transformation? • Are current agricultural subsidies enabling food system tr... قراءة المزيدansformation? • What are current projections for global agricultural subsidies? • How can agricultural subsidies be repurposed to achieve the UN SDGs? Facilitator: David Laborde Senior Research Fellow International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) 3. The WTO Agreement on Agriculture (AoA); The Way Forward • What are the most pressing reforms of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) for food system transformation? • Can current agriculture negotiations in the WTO deliver the required transformation? • What are the "trade-offs" between different areas of the agriculture negotiations, and how can they be addressed in a balanced and meaningful manner? Facilitator: Alexandre Guido Lopes Parola Permanent Representative of Brazil to the WTO & Other Economic Organizations in Geneva 4. Trade Facilitation and the Cutting of Red Tape for Food System Transformation • What are the pressing trade facilitation measures required in the area of food trade? • Can the WTO's Trade Facilitation Agreement reduce food waste? • Will border controls for internationally traded food move into the digital era? Facilitator: Trudi Hartzenberg Executive Director Trade Law Center (TRALAC) 5. Global Agricultural Value Chains • How much food moves through agricultural global value chains (GVCs), and are GVCs a growing phenomenon? • Is trade in services fundamental to the growth of GVCs? • What is the role of investment and competition policy in supporting GVCs? Facilitator: Joe Glauber Senior Research Fellow International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) 6. Realizing the Human Right to Food • What does the right to food mean? • What type of governmental trade policies can best fulfil people’s right to food? • How can the international trade regime ensure fair and equitable food systems? Facilitator: Michael Fakhri, UN Special Rapporteur on Right to Food 7. Ensuring Sustainable Food Trade • How can the international trading system promote more environmentally, socially and economically sustainable trade in food? • How can trade policy help governments better manage climate-related shocks to the food system? • What are the key changes needed to promote more environmentally sustainable food trade? Facilitator: Carin Smaller Director, Agriculture, Trade & Investment International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) 8. Nutrition Security and International Trade • How can international trade contribute to better nutrition? What is the role of the CFS's newly adopted Voluntary Guidelines on Food Systems and Nutrition? • What governmental policies are required to ensure positive outcomes between international trade and nutrition? • Are nutrition labels the way to go? Facilitator: Chris Hegadorn Secretary Committee on World Food Security (CFS) 9. Food Security and International Trade • How can international trade boost food security at the global level? • Under what circumstances can international trade undermine food security? • Which policies should be prioritized by WTO Members in a joint effort to ensure positive outcomes between international trade and food security? Facilitator: Arianna Giuliodori Secretary General World Farmers' Organisation (WFO) 10. Food Safety and International Trade • What is the role of international standards in food safety? • What new approaches can the international community offer to facilitate compliance of lower and middle-income countries (LMICs) with international standards? • How can unnecessary obstacles to trade be avoided in the food safety area? Facilitator: Jamie Morrison, Director Food Systems and Food Safety Division Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) قراءة القليل

Key outcomes of the Global Dialogue on Trade include: On process: • Continued multi-stakeholder dialogue on trade in food must go forward • Farmers must be at the table, whether in conversations on agri-food systems at the UNFSS or at the WTO On substance: • Agreement that international trade in food is critical for global food security, and that it acts as the transmission belt that moves food from the parts of the world with a surplus to the parts with a deficit • Agreement that international trade in food must be made more resilient in times of crisis, and that there is a need to co... قراءة المزيدntinue to rely on and strengthen the G20’s Agricultural Monitoring and Information System (AMIS) which was created in the wake of the 2008 food price crisis • Agreement that current agricultural subsidies are not delivering the required food system transformation, and that there is a need for deeper reflection on how to repurpose these subsidies • Agreement that the WTO Agreement on Agriculture requires reform, and that WTO agriculture negotiations must be continued and must seek a balanced outcome by the WTO’s 12th Ministerial Conference (end 2021) • Agreement that the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement must be deployed to prevent food loss and food waste as food perishables travel across borders • Agreement that food and agricultural global value chains (GVCs) must not be disrupted and must be made more resilient, especially in times of crisis • Agreement that the “human right to food” has to reflect the adequacy, availability and accessibility of food, in particular to the poorest of the poor • Agreement that there is a need to internalize negative social and environmental externalities to make international trade more sustainable • Agreement that international trade can allow greater access to food and to a more diverse diet, but that it needs proper accompanying policies, including trade policy • Agreement that the trade and food security interlinkage is complex: that trade is necessary but not sufficient and that there is a need for complementary policies • Agreement that there is a need to continue to build international standards for greater food safety, but to ensure that the developing world is able to contribute to and to use these standards • Agreement on the need to promote trade digitalization and e-commerce قراءة القليل

Throughout the Global Dialogue on Trade, while participants tended to agree on the broad objectives and way forward for the international food trade, they tended to disagree once discussions came down to “how” achieve certain changes. There was disagreement on how to reform the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, how to repurpose global agricultural subsidies, how and whether to remove food export restrictions, how to achieve a balance between global and local food security, how to achieve the human right to food, how to internalize negative social and environmental externalities associated with... قراءة المزيد international trade, how to ensure greater developing country participation in international trade and in the building of international food safety and nutrition standards, and more. The disagreements reflected a healthy debate that must continue to go forward, and that must continue to be inclusive and multi-stakeholder in nature. There was also concern and lively debate on whether Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and regionalism contribute to greater trade in food/or lead to a fragmentation of the global food market. قراءة القليل

The Dialogue sought to identify and promote deliverables that are applicable for both the Food Systems Summit and High-Level Dialogue on Energy, and with relevance for COP26.

Please see the attached outcome document.

4. What do you think is missing in the Food Systems Summit? - Involvement of local transporters. The role of local transporters is vital. Without them, producers’ produce does not get to the processors, to the market. - Focus on small-scale producers’ interests. The written document of the FSS does not mention anything on this issue. It does not define well what is going to happen as far as small-scale producers are concerned. It has to identify actions that promote the interest of small-scale producers (e.g., current global discussions around investment are focusing more on larger scare a... قراءة المزيدgriculture which put small-scale producers and industrial fishing at disadvantage, often marginalized from globalized trade systems as a result). - Concrete support mechanisms for the participation of family famers and small-scale fishers in food system governance is unclear, this includes specific issues such as access to land and other resources (e.g. internationally shared and highly migratory tuna resources). - A balanced understanding and recognition of livestock sector, and the value of animal proteins. The view regarding a balanced diet should include both plant- and animal-based foods is needed, and producers commit to have sustainable livestock sector that respects planetary boundaries as part of solutions during the summit process. - A nuanced view of technology, with the understanding that it should always developed in the interests of producers, who have traditional and indigenous knowledge and skills that should also be respected. - A balanced view of our agriculture, farming and fishing system. Our agriculture and fisheries systems are not completely broken and not everything about farming or fishing needs to be changed. Many producers are already changing and adapting their farming practices to leave their farming and fishing environment in a better place. A thorough understanding of science and markets is needed, which should lead policy. - A stronger voice of female and young producers is needed throughout the Summit process. - Practical conversations on how to support producers and their organizations financially is needed. - Conversations on how international trade plays an important role in increasing resilience and food security, but with cognizance that globalization must not marginalize smaller scale producers that apply agroecology or use least damaging fishing gears and methods. - An enabling policy environment for producers. Policy makers who make decisions on farming or fishing systems are not farmers or fishers and have little understanding of rural life. Policy makers need to develop a better understanding to create enabling environments that support producers. - A clearer understanding of rights and responsibilities among stakeholders in the food system value chain, currently there is a big gap, and small-scale actors are too often marginalized as a result. - More transparent and clear connection between summit and national implementation plans, which are how producers will actually be impacted. - An urgency for concrete action. The Food Systems Summit should not just be a talk show but a platform that is followed by concrete actions. Action needs to be taken with a stronger sense of emergency especially regarding climate change, and the need to transition towards agroecology and the use of least damaging fishing gears. قراءة القليل