استكشاف الملاحظات الرسمية للحوار

Access to nutritious food in Latin America is a multi-dimensional issue which requires intervention in many levels

We focused on food systems in Latin America, from the perspective of education, primary production, processing, trade, consumption, market access for farmers, and also involved supporting isntitutions.

The country strategy for contributing to the Food Systems Summit involved the Government of Bangladesh (GOB) forming a high level National Committee headed by Secretary, Ministry of Food (MoF) to organize Member State Dialogues. Mr. Khaja Andul Hannan (Additional Secretary,MoF) is representing as a National Dialogue Convener. A Working Group was formed to support several sub-national and national dialogues. The outputs of the current Independent Dialogue will be compiled with other independent dialogues, and considered in identification of actions in the National Dialogues. The current dialogu... قراءة المزيدe emphasized solutions to achieve Action Track 3: Boost nature-positive production. The focus on AT3 was chosen to fill a gap because this AT was not strongly reflected in other planned dialogues. This dialogue also touched on Action Track 1: Ensure access to safe and nutritious food for all and Action Track 2: Shift to sustainable consumption patterns. The overall objective was to leverage contributions from a diverse group of stakeholders for developing a vision for the future of food system considering environment and climate change issues. Specifically, participants were asked to prioritize solutions for the challenges posed into the development agenda of GOB, research institutes, academia, development partners, INGOs/ NGOs, especially towards achieving SDG’s. The dialogue is therefore part of a participatory approach to address the environment and climate change issues in the food system today and in the future, where a wide range of participants shared their opinions, visions, and recommendations. قراءة القليل

All participants recognized the importance of maintaining healthy environments for food production and addressing the impacts of food systems on local environments and atmospheric emissions. Discussion Topic: The environment/degradation and food systems interface will be sustainably managed 1. River ecosystems must be monitored for agricultural pollution and managed more sustainably. Industries and urban areas are known major sources of water pollution. However, fertilizer and pesticide application from farms and manufacturing industries are also likely major sources and overlooked. It is uncl... قراءة المزيدear the amount and impact of fertilizers from runoff entering canals, ponds, and riverways, but we do know that fishery production is decreasing, possibly the result of the increasing use of chemical fertilizers and other pollutants. More comprehensive monitoring of nitrogen and other fertilizers in waterways is needed. Monitoring and reporting can be initiated in connection with SDG 6.3.2 Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality, which is currently not monitored in Bangladesh. Data sharing between relevant agencies will be critical for monitoring but will need to be formalized (e.g. between Department of Environment (DoE), Soil Resource Development Institute (SRDI), Ministry of Water, Ministry of Industries, etc.). 2. Existing regulations on water pollution from all sources including agricultural must be enforced to protect food systems, in addition to water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes. More evidence needs to be generated to understand the negative impacts of pollution on food systems, and the negative impacts of food systems on the environment. Farmers and farmer organizations should also be made aware of the negative impact of fertilizers and pesticides. More systematic studies that consider agricultural pollution impacts in major agroecological zones may also be necessary. Ongoing activities that strengthen underpinning conditions, such as women/youth engagement, institutional capacity building, farmer access to finance and markets, should continue to be strengthened because they will provide the platforms and resources for promoting environmentally friendly agricultural practices. Discussion Topic: Feasible solutions for mitigating climate change are streamlined in the country’s food systems 3. To achieve climate mitigation in cropping systems, increased conservation agriculture practices and nature based solutions need to be implemented. For example, improved soil and nutrient management at the farm level will reduce the need for fertilizers and reduce CO2 emissions. Simple soil management practices are available that have been shown to reduce farm level emissions. In order to expand these and other climate change mitigation initiatives, finance solutions, policy, research and collaboration are needed. There should be more economic evaluations of ecosystem services and natural resources with emphasis on water and the benefits of all actors of the foodsystem needs to be taking into account 4. All actors of the food system need to be further engaged, not leaving behind farmer and producer needs in development planning for climate change mitigation. One key here, in addition to considering direct and long-term benefit, is capacity building. Multiple sectors need to be included in this area since no one organization or institution can do this alone. Academia needs to be involved in policy making. Private sector can take a leading role in development of new technologies but also need to be supported by laws and regulations. Intergovernmental and non-govermental organizations can support policy makers and provide technical assistance. Discussion Topic: Bangladesh becomes a leader in innovative financing solutions, policy provisions and support mechanisms for “nature-positive production” 5. Higher investment in nature based solutions are needed transform agriculture and food systems. In particular, crop zoning that recognizes natural resource availability and climate stress, both presently and in the future, can be used to better inform cropping decisions and support to successfully develop value chains. Vermicomposting to replace chemical fertilizers needs to be promoted much more. Single plastic use poses challenges to the food safety and food systems. The uses of plastic needs to be controlled in the farming, packaging, transportation and distribution of foods. Investing in solar for irrigation and food processing has good potential and need more development. 6. Innovative financing solutions are required for farmers and businesses to advance the sustainable agricultural commercialization. We should have appropriate financial products for different types of food sector actors, i.e. farmers, agro-processors, private sectors. Each year the government is allocating money to support soft agricultural credit but the loan distribution process is slow and not farmer friendly. Agricultural bank’s policy needs to be reformed and more farmers needs to be engaged in the banking sector. Opening accounts and processing of the agricultural credit needs to be faster. Co-operatives should be promoted in rural areas for collective farming, processing, marketing and financial services. Digital platform should be better utilized for credit disbursement, collection and agricultural information sharing. An underpinning challenge is ensuring that the resources currently accessed are not wasted. قراءة القليل

To truly embrace and achieve “nature-positive production”, Bangladesh must sustianably manage the envrionment, climate change and food systems interface through three pathways. First, an evidence base must be built which demonstrates the impacts of agriculture sector on the environment, especially more extensive and reliable monitoring of river ecosystems. This evidence should then be used to motivate greater enforcement of exisiting pollution regulations. Second, nature-based solutions that improve soil and water management, reduce pollution, and lower agricultural GHG emissions need to b... قراءة المزيدe scaled up. However, scaling up activities must carefully consider trade-offs and harmful consequences towards smallholder farmers and producers. Third, sustainable agriculture approaches that have positive impacts on the environment need innovative financing solutions which make it easier and quicker for farmers and businesses to access finance. Specifically this means strengthening farmer organizations, co-operatives, and digital services that serve as the vehicles for scaling up successful approaches. Finally, women, youth, and the private sector, each play a critical role and need to be engaged for future change. Innovative programs that promote women and youth leadership, behaviour change towards environmental stewardship, and training in job skills should be prioritized. Further dialogues are needed to understand how to effectively engage the private sector in positive environmental changes. قراءة القليل

Bangladesh needs to learn from experiences from developed countries to not repeat the same mistakes which led them to degraded agro-ecosystems. So called “modernized” approaches, including increased mechanization and chemical inputs, have not always had positive long-term benefits. Some participants fear the same trajectory will be followed in Bangladesh as it seeks to graduate from its Least Developed Country status, and urged for caution. On the other hand, other participants pointed out that mechanization should continue to be promoted, not limited, as part of the longer-term solution. ... قراءة المزيدAgricultural industries have been good for creating new businesses and jobs (spare parts, repairs) in the private sector. Mechanization has therefore done more good than bad and should not be slowed down. قراءة القليل

The key take aways from my dialogues are for all head of governments as signatory to the Paris Cop21 agreement, and signatory to the UN Convention on Biodiversity, to follow France and Sri Lanka to make pollution by chemical fertilisers NPK leaching into any water system or ocean a very serious crime by respective legislation. To succeed for the "Decade of Restoration" and to protect our Oceans by 30% by 2030. (MPA 2030), there is an urgent need to take actions by all signatories to the Paris 2015 agreement. There is an urgent need to ban all toxic chemical fertilisers industry before we reach... قراءة المزيد any tipping point. قراءة القليل

1) All major rivers, water system & oceans are in deep eco suicide laden with plastic waste and leaching from toxic NPK fertilisers. ( Resulting in redtides &toxic algae blooms & dead zones).Refer Nasa satellite images. 2) Unless we stop polluting the water system & oceans it is not possible to have the 30% Marine Protection Area by 2030, and not possible to achieve the UN SDG . There will be no food security from the fisheries or aquaculture industry too. 3) The current practice of using toxic NPK fertilisers for soil to enhance harvest is incorrect.( NPK is Irrelevant too) 4)... قراءة المزيد The NPK fertilisers comes with high carbon intensity, and also from the heavy pollution of extractive industry for phosphate and potash. ( composition of NPK fertilisers). 5) Ammonia nitrate from NPK fertilisers is an existential threats to humanity. ( Food security challenge, Ammonia nitrate is for bomb making purposes & very toxic to soil & degradation to air, water, soil , land, & human health too) 6) The science have proven that nature based solution is the best alternative to all toxic NPK fertilisers. 7) The essence of crops' harvest is from the microbial community within soil, and nature photosynthesis process. 8) There is an urgent need to legislate ecocide law, ( like the French Ecocide Law) to halt degradation to our soil, water system and biodiversity. 9) We need to live in harmony with nature, and to stop all pollution by chemical NPK fertilisers into our water system & oceans. 10) Nature based solutions, with the application of manure from animal husbandry and natural carbon sequestrations should be the new norm for all crops' agriculture. ( " MONIGREEN" from Singapore PRC Global Pte.Ltd. CEO Ron Tan ) قراءة القليل

Most farmers or policy makers are not aware that the current practices of using and producing chemical NPK fertilisers are so destructive to our biodiversity, ecology and natural life supporting system. As there are symbiotic relationships among, air, water and land (soil). Toxic NPK fertilisers have been to proven to degradate soil, water and oceans.Unless we stop leaching NPK fertilisers into water system and halt all contamination and pollution of ocean, how are we to have a " Decade of Restoration" to succeed. The externalities of extraction industries, of phosphate and potash are very pol... قراءة المزيدlutive to our air, water and (soil)land. Ammonia nitrates synthesis from natural gas is carbon and energy intensive, and very contaminating too. Workers working in the blending of chemical fertilisers NPK, if not in proper safety gears are known to have cancers from the pollution of npk fertilisers industry. It is an existential threat and security threats to humanity, if NPK fertiliser industry is not terminated by respective legislations. World Bank and all other financial institutions should revoke the existing financial packages for construction of NPK fertiliser plants, and bring it to an immediate halt.There are no food security in place, if NPK fertiliser industry is not halted. To produce nutritious and safe harvest for food consumptions, NPK fertilisers should never be used in the first place. قراءة القليل

6. PUBLIC AND DEVELOPMENT SECTOR INVESTMENTS; • State budget: Government must honor the Maputo Declaration, which was also complemented by the Malabo declaration to invest 10% in the Agriculture sector. • Avail Collateral for Primary Producers: Government to set aside funds from its budget to act as collateral for all farmers to enable easy access to finance from commercial banks. The proposed Agriculture Investment Fund should be approved and stakeholders invited to invest in this fund to support farmers and the growth and development of the sector. • Policy: Suggested a compulsory M&am... قراءة المزيدp;E; policy to follow up on all farms leased out to assess how they are used and make recommendations that will benefit the food system. Underutilized government-owned farms must be put to optimal use. • Support by Donor organizations to assist in the establishment of the Farmers Bank interests for Farmers. • Farmers and farmers' enterprises struggle to raize capital to establish business infrastructure such as warehouses, abattoirs or cold rooms, irrigation, etc. Government and development partners are encouraged to assist farmers to establish these under necessary terms and conditions such as lease arrangements. قراءة القليل

There were no major areas of divergence there was unanimous agreement on most of the issues discussed in the Regional dialogues as well as in the national dialogie.

2. PRODUCTION FACTORS - AVAILABILITY AND ACCESS:  Soil: Including ph and soil Conditioning. The group noted that Soil is the foundation of food systems and that there is an urgent need to rebuild soil health. This can help maintain harvests, especially for the staple maize and for horticulture and livestock commodities over the long run, and lay a solid foundation for a more resilient food system. Investing in soil health will also benefit the environment. A strategy for periodical application of lime to soils that are frequently irrigated for horticulture crops and in the Highveld of Eswat... قراءة المزيدini which receives above normal Rainfall can guarantee soil productivity over time. That Liming should not be a strategy but be a policy for all regions where it is appropriate. Water for Irrigation: The group felt that intensification and increasing water harvesting and storage facilities in all regions to cater for the irrigation needs of Primary Producers is vital for increased and sustained productivity. They recommended that small reservoirs suited for that group of primary producers can be appropriate instead of constructing large projects that will demand huge resources. Users should properly maintain the irrigation infrastructure that has been put in place.  Farming Inputs. The group picked GMO Seeds and organic fertilizer as inputs needing attention an introduction for use in Eswatini. The participants felt that introduction of GMO seeds can boost productivity per unit area and local food supply. The group wondered why Eswatini does not recommend their use as neighboring countries are using GMO’s. The group proposed that the country can benefit immensely from the use of Organic fertilizer since organically produced crops fetch a premium price in the market. The group was aware that organic farming is also good for the environment. They also proposed intense capacity building for farmers intending to engage in organic production.  Finance: Access to finance is very difficult for primary producers and yet it is a critical production factor. The majority of smallholder farmers are struggling to access finance. The difficulty to access finance is the leading challenge for youth farmers, especially because they have not accumulated assets that they can use as collateral or security. Government should assist by establishing Agriculture Development Fund which will also provide collateral for farmers. Financiers should establish more affordable financial products targeted to smallholder farmers. The group recognized that the input subsidy program is a good initiative but felt that its impact was limited because it only assists 1 hectare per farmer and only 3 commodities. The group also endorsed the proposal for a farmer’s bank, which they hoped will understand the farming cycles and related issues, contrary to Commercial banks.  Mechanization and Farm Machinery. The group was unanimous in their realization that as long as mechanization and tractor hire services are operated by state-owned entities, their contribution to the food system will remain ineffective. They recommended that farmers be the ones who run the tractor hire service because they know the issues and can address them better. They proposed that for every 100 farmers should form a group and under the auspices of ESNAU and buy a tractor. In this arrangement, ESNAU and other stakeholders must assist to secure collateral for these groups. This will guarantee timely availability of mechanization services for all categories of primary producers  Land Inventory: The group realized that arable land is diminishing in Eswatini and yet in every discussion, primary producers are always told that land is available. In this regard, they recommended that a study be conducted to establish and consolidate a land inventory to assess the actual status of available arable land. The data obtained from this exercise must be used to further conduct a land classification and suitability exercise. The results will inform planners whether the country still has land that will contribute meaningfully to the food systems. Arable land must be protected by a policy. قراءة القليل

3. ADOPTION AND SCALING UP INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY  Irrigation: Primary producers recognized that Irrigation was critical for maintaining a steady flow of produce into the food system and that if the majority of primary producers could have adequate access to irrigation infrastructure and technology, a shift from subsistence production to commercial production can be assured and enhanced  Postharvest Handling: Regarding post-harvest handling, the meeting felt that research in this field must be conducted to identify issues, from harvesting, Transportation to Storage, providing recommen... قراءة المزيدdations on new and improved methods of harvesting, and promote technologies, methods, and approaches that respond to postharvest needs of maize, and horticulture producers:  Calculating Production Costs; the group realized that the majority of farmers are not able to establish the production cost for a crop prior to production. They felt that it was important to Innovate to reduce production costs, they recommended that the Ministry of Agriculture, farmer organizations, and NGOs must intensify capacity building for primary producers to be able to calculate costs of production.  Climate Change: The group was unanimous in the realization that Climate change is having a considerable impact on the availability of water resources for agricultural production. The increased crop water demand cannot be achieved as long as there is global warming. The group recommended that Climate research must be conducted to establish what strategies must be adopted to mitigate the impacts of climate change. The group further recommends that government and insurance companies must work towards establishing weather-based insurance products and policies for farmers. Government tractor hire services must have readily available tractor drawn implements that are Climate Smart and promote conservation agriculture.  Capacity Building and Development. Dialogue partners realized that capacity training and building in various skills in agriculture production was necessary for the availability of well-skilled primary producers to be effective producers. The dialogue felt that the government need to develop a training Curriculum for farmers, instead of conducting random training programs. All practitioners or institutions that train farmers must be accredited and follow the curriculum to avoid giving different and incorrect information to farmers.  Land Tenure: The dialogues felt that the land tenure system does not promote agriculture business since control of land is in the control of traditional authority and production land cannot be used as collateral for an agriculture business loan. This does not auger well for Business or commercial agriculture. The group also highlighted that various actors in primary production do not have access to land; including Women and youth and there is no room for expansion because the available piece of land cannot be extended nor is there a policy that influences this to occur, save for only when a good neighbor does a favor for the farmer. Government must speed up the finalization of the SNL Commercialization Bill or approve the draft Land Policy. Traditional leaders must protect youth and women from losing family land once parents pass away. قراءة القليل

4. INVESTING IN THE NEXT GENERATION OF FARMERS:  School Curriculum and Career guidance; As long as there is not targeted career guidance for pupils taking agriculture subjects in schools, the prospects of generating future farmers in bleak. The group agreed that the school’s career guidance is not relevant to the needs of the agribusiness Industry. For Pupils studying agriculture in schools, their agriculture career path is no properly guided and nursed in the school setting. Solution: - There is a need to create an organization to advocate and advance the aspiration of agriculture studen... قراءة المزيدts and guide their career paths. A youth wing under ESNAU can be created, to in the first place target schools.  Lack of access to Finance: the group said that banks generally viewed youth as a risk. In this regard, the group proposed for the review of Banking policies towards youth Agripreneurs. Secondly to stop considering age as a criterion for approving loans but the viability of the proposal as the main criteria for assessing and approving loan applications. The group intimated that Banks always lump all aspects of Agriculture as being tenable in Rural settings. The group proposed that Financial Institutions must understand that it is not the whole agriculture value chain that is implemented in the rural areas, some aspects such as packaging and transport logistics can be carried out in urban centers.  Self-Contained Agribusiness Enterprises. The group proposed that Government must provide and invest in about 100 to 200 ha farms for the youth to establish a whole value chain agribusiness enterprise that encompasses the whole agriculture value chain in this farm. This strategy must include primary producers of crops and livestock; processors, value addition enterprises, packaging, and distributions all in this farm. The farm must employ the latest production, processing, and packaging Technologies to be relevant to the youth. Youth selection and participation must be from all four Agro-ecological regions. ESNAU must advocate that this initiative becomes a policy or enshrined in the country’s policies.  Youth representation in Parliament: The Group proposed that the purposeful appointment of youth representatives is important if youth-friendly policies can be guaranteed in parliament. They even suggested a similar strategy as used for the selection of the four Women Regional Parliamentarians.  Establishment of Youth Agribusiness Dialogues on Social Media; The group felt that this Social group will be mannered and run by a youth already in Agribusiness to encourage other youth to join Agriculture. They can display their enterprises on this platform as proof that indeed agriculture is relevant for the youth also. ESNAU was also proposed to house this initiative. قراءة القليل

5. SUSTAINABLE AND NATURE POSITIVE PRODUCTION:  Use sustainable systems of production; The group proposed the universal use of a sustainable system of production by primary producers including but not limited to the following: - Adopt Drip Irrigation technologies: the group noted that A well-designed drip irrigation system benefits the environment by conserving water and fertilizer. By placing water on the surface, next to the plant, or subsurface, near the root zone, helps to maximized fertilizer uptake and reduces wash off of both soil and nutrients, and maximizing productivity. In dry ye... قراءة المزيدars, fewer weed seeds germinate between rows because there is less water available beyond the plant root zone reducing the extent of soil disturbance. - Use natural manure: the Extension Service as part of their capacity building must promote the use of Organic Fertilizers and farmers made aware of their importance in sustainable agriculture. The government on the other hand must guarantee availability to primary producers. - Practice Crop Rotations. The group noted that Crop rotation practices can result in increased high crop cover periods, reduced frequency, and tillage intensity. An increase in the use of forages in crop rotations can result in better crop residue management - Plant drought-tolerant crops. It was agreed that there were benefits of planting drought-tolerant crops including producing larger crop yields. Planting climate-resilient maize varieties in most environments leads to increased crop yield because these crops are still able to grow in periods when the rainfall is not enough continuing to maintain soil cover and benefitting the environment. - Employ Soil Conservation to avoid erosion. The group agreed that Soil conservation is key to environmental sustainability: It helps protect natural resources and watersheds, restores habitats for plants and wildlife, improves water quality, and makes soil healthier. Soil conservation also creates economic opportunities including productive and healthy soil that helps farmers meet increased demand for agricultural commodities from a growing population, driving economic growth. - Avoiding veld burning. The group noted that veld fires have affected plants and animals, polluted air and water, and destroyed livelihoods. There were numerous challenges to environmental management and sustainability posed by veld fires include property damage, reduced soil fertility, destruction of vegetation, air and water pollution, and destruction of wildlife. It was therefore the responsibility of Primary producers to make sure veld fires are prevented  Conserve water bodies: A serious proposal was made to the government to invest in local dams and water harvesting structures, suitable for primary producers in their areas to support their local food systems.  Promote the protection of wetlands: The group was clear in the understanding that Wetlands provide vital ecosystem services. They supply water, improve water quality, support primary industries, provide flood and storm mitigation, act as a carbon sink, provide habitat for biodiversity and threatened species, and provide communities with recreation and tourism. قراءة القليل

The dialogue was centered around the following themes: 1). THEME: Advancing equity, openness, and fairness in the governance of value chains including in International trade. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS: Agree on three strategic interventions that would be necessary to address this by the producers themselves and other chain actors, as well as roles of research and policy in this regard. 2).THEME: Enhancing availability and Equitable access to factors of production. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS: For each of the key factors of production, explore at least two ideas that will enhance available and equitable ac... قراءة المزيدcess to primary producers, understanding that they are not a homogenous category. 3). THEME: The groups reviewed the status and level of adoption and scaling up of innovation and technology including digital technology. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS: Which areas/fields (maxim 5) of research and development/innovations present the greatest opportunities for transforming the lives of farmers and at scale? b) what should be the key principles underpinning the governance of data value chains be based on, particularly with respect to data generated by and from farmers? c) What factors and investments by the different ecosystem’s actors would enable wider adoptions within the shortest period of time- what are the low-hanging fruits? The role of the public and development sector in areas such as backbone infrastructure and capacity, as well as in digital literacy? 4). THEME: Strategic interventions that can increase the pace of involvement of a younger generation of Agri-preneurs in the food system. Delving on the strategies that can be undertaken to contribute towards this and Identify the younger generations' expectations from other ecosystem players. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS: Identify a maximum of 5 strategic interventions that can increase the pace and scale of the involvement of a younger generation of Agripreneurs. What can the younger generation undertake to contribute towards this, and what is it that they expect from other ecosystem players? 5). THEME: Shifting to sustainable and nature-positive production at scale. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS: a) where are the low-hanging fruits in achieving significant shifts to nature positive production by farmers and at scale? What strategic (max 5) investments and infrastructure will be needed to take farmers on a sustainable and scalable nature positive production trajectory in the medium term? What will be the responsibility of farmers in advancing this, and what would they expect from other systems actors, including consumers? Also, consider the role of the public and development sector in de-risking and funding the transitional period. 6). THEME: Priorities for Public and Development sector investments. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS: a) Which areas for public sector investments lend themselves to catalyzing the transformation of primary production at scale both in the short and medium-term and similarly for the development sector? (maximum 3 each). Identify a maximum of 5 policy proposals/ideas that you would consider game-changing in transforming the primary production at scale (consider also the role of public and development sector funding in de-risking the transition towards more resilient, sustainable, and inclusive food systems. قراءة القليل

1). Bargaining Power targeted to Markets: the dialogues resolved that Due to the marketing challenges that farmers are facing, they must establish strong group/s that shall have bargaining power in the market. In this regard, they will be able to obtain the most favorable prices, representation in marketing boards, lobby governments to enact policies that will allow participation of the private sector to alleviate price volatility. The capacity of farmer cooperatives should be strengthened so that they can deliver effective services to members including organizing collective access to inputs a... قراءة المزيدnd output markets for farmers. Government and development partners should provide infrastructure such as warehouses to support farmers' enterprise bargaining. 2). Agriculture Crop Insurance: The dialogue proposed for a system of risk and insurance sharing which might mitigate the consequences of adverse outcomes or might even allow traders to pursue higher returns but more risky activities. In the absence of formal institutions, proposing that social capital might play this role. 3). Governance of Farmer Organizations: As a matter of policy, the dialogue proposed that Agricultural policies should focus more on the intensification of the agriculture sector, empowering farmers’ organizations, and increase the market orientation of the smallholder farm sector, suggesting that ESNAU should be strengthened to assume this role effectively. Umbrella bodies such as ESNAU must take lead in providing governance mentorship and support to farmer organizations including farmer cooperatives. 4) Climate Change Research: The impacts of climate change on the food systems were observed. The dialogue realized that Climate change can affect food availability, access, utilization, and the stability of each of these over time. It was proposed that Research should take centre stage in unravelling the impacts of this phenomenon if the food system is to be sustained. 5). Access to Finance: In the discussions, finance was said to assume vital and significant importance in the agro–socio-economic development of agriculture both at macro and micro levels. Secondly, it was said to be playing a catalytic role in strengthening the farm business and augmenting the productivity of scarce resources. In a food system access to finance serves to initiate production and sustain the value chain. Financiers should provide farmer-friendly financing products. Government should establish an agriculture fund that will act as collateral for smallholder farmers. 6). Improve adoption, access and use of digital technology; The dialogue noted that today's agriculture routinely uses sophisticated technologies such as robots, temperature and moisture sensors, aerial images, and GPS technology. These advanced devices and precision agriculture and robotic systems allow businesses to be more profitable, efficient, safer, and more environmentally friendly. The government was therefore encouraged to promote these technologies through capacity building forums for Primary Producers. Producers are encouraged to adopt and make use of new technologies. 7). Agriculture Mechanization. The dialogue realized that primary producers in Eswatini are heterogeneous and that mechanization could be an answer to the problems faced by farmers; the dialogue understood that Mechanization covers all levels of farming and processing technologies, from simple and basic hand tools to more sophisticated and motorized equipment., this improves the efficient use of resources, enhances market access and contributes to mitigating climate-related hazards. 8) Promote agriculture in Schools and improve the curriculum- and strengthen Career Guidance; They understood that as long as there is not targeted career guidance for pupils taking agriculture subjects in schools the prospects of generating future farmers in bleak. There is a need to create an organization to advocate and advance the aspiration of agriculture students and guide their career paths. A youth wing under ESNAU can be created, to in the first place target schools. 9). Overgrazing and Land degradation: were serious issues for the dialogue, unit livestock agriculture requires massive amounts of land, food, energy, and water; results in polluted land, water, and air; and causes immense animal suffering. livestock production contributes to the world's most pressing environmental problems, including global warming, land degradation, air and water pollution, and loss of biodiversity. The group proposed that farmers must keep the right livestock unit per area (proper Livestock Units). The ministry of agriculture must intensify educational programs. 10). Development and investment agencies could help in providing grants, funds for supporting agriculture projects. Donor funding could make a meaningful difference if they were to support the establishment of a Farmers Bank. قراءة القليل

1. AGRICULTURE VALUE CHAINS: - Sale of Produce Agreements: Retailers have a tendency of canceling agreements made with producers without notice, leaving producers stranded with their produce. As a matter of Policy, all retailers must put in place a produce sales Agreement to guarantee the final uptake of farmers' produce. - Production Contract: It should now be a law or a policy developed to require retailers to develop production contracts with Primary produces on the commodities to be produced and quantities, since they had observed that retailers are refusing to sign production contracts wi... قراءة المزيدth them and there is nothing compelling them to do so. This presents a serious risk to produce loss post-production, especially perishable commodities. - Bargaining power: Producers have less bargaining power in the Market since they are price takers.; and the period for payment of goods is decided by retailers. Producers themselves should build and/or strengthen commodity-specific networks to address marketing; Advocate for fair pricing of produce at all markets and in place, and End-to-end traceability system for farm produce entering the market chain. In order to address the issue of unfair pricing, farmers should be represented in State-Owned Marketing Boards and decision-making platforms that affect pricing. - Agriculture Insurance: There is a need to establish a system of risk and insurance sharing to mitigate the consequences of adverse outcomes and to allow traders to pursue higher returns. Insurance companies should provide comprehensive and affordable insurance packages to farmers. - Land tenure: due to the land tenure system, farmers cannot use the land as collateral in banks since they do not own it but it is owned by traditional authorities. Government must speed up the finalization of the SNL Commercialization Bill or revisit and finalize the Draft Land Policy. Youth must be supported to access production land. Arable land is fast diminishing, therefore must be protected by policy and preserved only for agriculture. Unproductive arable land that belongs to the government must be put to active use, special attention given to local smallholder farmers to use this land. - Mechanization and equipment: the majority of smallholder farmers do not own adequate equipment and tractors, therefore rely on tractor services that are offered by the government. However, this service is very inefficient. Government must improve the delivery of this service, and should consider handing it over to the private sector, preferably to competent farmers' organizations. - Farming support enterprises: Farmer groups should take business opportunities of the nonfarming enterprises that bring solutions to farmers such as farming input trading, produce transport services, warehousing, abattoirs, and cold storages. Through These enterprises, farmer groups have the opportunity of reducing farmers' production costs and increasing dividends for shareholding farmers. - Innovation and Technology: - Adoption and access to technology; agriculture today is becoming more sophisticated and technology is bringing a lot of change and necessary solutions. However, local smallholder farmers are not adequately taping into these opportunities. Government and stakeholders should promote adoption. Proper policies must be put in place to regulate technology and data.  Investment: - Agriculture is the backbone of the country's economy, therefore, the government must prioritize investing in the sector. The Malabo Declaration to commit 10% in agriculture must be practiced by the government. There is a need for more irrigation infrastructure, road networks, internet connectivity, aggregation centers, and cold chain support infrastructure. قراءة القليل

• Political economy is very controversial, but there is need to understand why funding is not available in Africa. In particular, the Ministries of Finance in most African countries have indicated that food security is not a priority as captured in their National Development Plans. A mind set change is needed in general that will demonstrate commitment to the targets set by the international and continental frameworks • Gene editing is not well understood as it is confused with GMO technology. Africa needs sensitization of these technologies.

The focus of the event was to review existing food systems, emerging and future trends and to identify key actions and policies needed to strengthen the African higher education system, agricultural research and development towards an improved global food system that is inclusive and sustainable. During the discussion, there was a detailed exploration of: 1. Current and emerging food systems trends from the different regions of the world including perspectives from Africa, North America, Europe, Latin America, Asia and China; and, 2. Key actions for strengthening food systems transformation fo... قراءة المزيدr increased productivity, inclusivity and resilience in line with UN Food Systems Action tracks 1, 3, 4 and 5. قراءة القليل