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2. Role of indigenous women and youth in agroforestry The breakout room was opened by a presentation on Ecuador shared by Izamar Valarezo, young indigenous leader and President of the Network of Cocoa Associations of the Napo Province, and followed by guiding questions on the role of indigenous women and youth in agroforestry. Inputs from participants are noted per guiding question below. What are the barriers on involving women, youth and Ips in this context? • The main problem is the fear to be questions or rejected. We have worked with capacitation on leadership so the don´t have fear to... قراءة المزيد partipate in the problems. • The culture is one of the main cause of fear. Historically women didn´t have the rigth to participate or even talk, women have to make decision, they are in charge of the families What examples of projects/case studies where these barriers have been overcome? And How policy and governance could facilitate the overcome these barriers? • Workshops on leadership so women can overcome the barriers. • Legislation, women rights. • Involve the youg women in projects. • Web site with all the information needed. • The workshops help to let women know that they won´s be critized by their communities. • In Africa the policies encourage women that they are implementad with women 50% of participants are women, that helps to put more effort. • Technologies. • Economic activities, are trying to generate income in the house to envolve women. How platforms or services such as extension services could overcome these barriers? • Agroecology involving women in Uganda, lady farmers are the bigger exporters, there is a video about it. How that training and a fair access to information are key in involving women, youth and IPs? What would you suggest improving? • They can improve agricultural practices. قراءة القليل

3. Climate-smart livestock and crops practices Key questions: What are the obstacles/barriers that prevent the adoption and wide spreading of CSA practices in livestock and crop farming systems? How policy and governance could facilitate the overcoming of these barriers? Can you share today some good examples of projects/case studies where these barriers have been overcome? How can livestock and crop sectors be more interconnected and build synergies between them (such as with a circular economy perspective)? Answers by participants: • Lack of awareness of various type of stakeholders, in pr... قراءة المزيدimis the governance and the farmers, on CSA practices and the benefits that they can bring to local level. This barrier can be overcome through the implementation of dedicated trainings and capacity building activities addressed to specific categories of stakeholders. • Lack of exchanges between the research sector and the local governance, for instance with reference to the adoption of improved varieties obtained from breeding to face climate change. Local research centres have already produced new varieties resistant to drought. Nevertheless, these new varieties are not available to farmers due to the lack of intervention from the local government. The seeds of these improved varieties shall be made available and accessible to farmers. To overcome this barrier, it is important for farmers to organize them in consortia and associations. • Lack of knowledge, education and capacities of farmers about these practices, especially in the case of indigenous people. This condition is further worsened by a lack of affordability of input and means used to implement the CSA practices. • The price of agricultural produce is not stable on local market and this could expose farmers to financial risks. To overcome these barriers an intervention from local authorities is required to improve the access of farmers to inputs (e.g. seeds of improved varieties, machinery fleet) and technologies needed to implement CSA practices. Most of the times the very limited size of local farms prevents the adoption of CSA practices, because these requires to switch to new tools and technologies, with unsustainable depreciation of investment cost. Experience of FAO in Sudan and South Sudan: • Lack of knowledge of local authorities about CSA practices constitute the main obstacle to the adoption of these practices by local farmers. • lack of community engagement in the implementation of CSA project: this component is absolutely needed to succeed in mainstreaming CSA practices at local level, as well as the enhanced accessibility to improved varieties and sustainable livestock trade. Consortia and farmers producers organizations can play a key role to improve the access of farmers to the market. • Lack of infrastructures and to the long distance existing from the livestock raising place to the market place. • The lack of access to the market prevent farmers to achieve good economic return from their activities: they are obliged to sell their product in the village, where other farmers do the same activities and produce the same type of product, and this reduce the value of the produce on the market. Policy and decision makers can play a key role to facilitate the overcoming of barriers, but first of all they need to develop a wide and deep knowledge of the local environmental, social, economic conditions, including type of soil, traditional practices, local challenges, such as conflicts. He explained that the adoption of CSA practices both in the livestock and in the cropping farms must be adapted and fine-tuned to the local context. Experience from Viet Nam: • Need to consider the agricultural and livestock value chain in a circular economy perspective. Farmers should be enabled to make the best use of the waste and residues produced from their activities. Good practices implemented in Viet Nam: each livestock farm, even if having a reduced size, is equipped with an anaerobic digester which allows to produce clean energy for cooking and, at in case of farms of bigger size, also energy to power local houses or water pumping for agricultural purposes. قراءة القليل

There was a discussion in the chat on the linkages and divergences between regenerative agriculture and climate-smart agriculture, with some participants emphasizing differences between these approaches, and other highlighting synergies. There were also comments in the chat on the differences between CSA and agro-ecology. One participant notes that “leading farmers haven't been invited to the UNFSS table. The input and presence stats clearly show this.”

The dialogue focused on the contributions of the climate-smart agriculture approach in accelerating the transition to sustainable agri-food sytems. Climate-smart agriculture Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is an approach that includes three pillars: sustainably increasing agricultural productivity and incomes, adapting and building resilience of people and agri-food systems to climate change, and reducing and/or removing greenhouse gas emissions where possible. CSA has grown from a concept into an approach implemented throughout the world, by all types of stakeholders. The event, hosted under ... قراءة المزيدthe Independent Dialogues Food Systems Summit banner, organized by the Global Alliance of Climate Smart Agriculture (GACSA) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Office of Climate Change, Biodiversity and Environment (OCB), provided stakeholders with an opportunity to exchange knowledge, raise awareness, and share good practices implemented in projects aiming to accelerate the transition towards sustainable Agri-Food Systems while adapting to - and mitigating -climate change and sustainably managing natural resources. Examples of CSA projects were shared with the audience and particular attention was given to projects empowering women, young people and indigenous peoples. قراءة القليل

During the previous Bites of Transfoodmation Independent Dialogues the group agreed that there is a need to rethink our life habits and to develop some renewed traditions by a change of narratives lead by advocacy, incentives and intergenerational initiatives. We acknowledged the need to transform and reorganize our habitats and professional life based on the determinants of health and the well-being embedded in true values of food. We also understood that personalized diets demand a reorganization of food economy based on diversity, proximity and interconnectivity. During this Independent Dia... قراءة المزيدlogue, we decided to focus on the paragraphs of the Bites of Transfoodmation Manifesto and on discussing how the vision behind it could be achieved and implemented in practice. After a short introduction, in which we recalled the journey already made together since October as well as where it will lead us in the short term, we created six groups around the six main paragraphs of the Manifesto, namely: a) Narratives and advocacy b) Habitats and proximity c) Connectivity, knowledge, and digitalization d) Renewed traditions and empowered culture e) Diversity and food systems f) Affordability and true value. Based on the text of the Manifesto, the goal was to start thinking about some concrete lines of action through an inclusive, common and unifying language suitable for the whole group. After the group discussions, participants had the opportunity to share what was discussed in each group to the plenary, in order to connect the dots and work as a group towards possible future pathways. قراءة القليل

In this Independent Dialogue, the participants had to focus on concrete lines of action with the departure point being the Bites of Transfoodmation Manifesto. Being divided into six groups, the participants had sufficient space for discussion and ideas sharing. The main take-away of the workshop has been that education - in all its forms - and knowledge sharing is at the center of a structural, systemic and long-term change of food systems. Indeed, even though people where discussing very different topics, in every break-out room the participants highlighted the importance of supporting initia... قراءة المزيدtives related to improving the quality and accessibility to food education. The group figured out that education encompasses different ways of teaching and learning, in the sense that school education for children or teenagers is as important as intergenerational education activities with elderlies, workshops organised by local authorities, volunteering activities related to farming, or information campaigns on social media. At the same time, participants also stressed that the weight cannot only be given to consumers and that a bottom-up approach driven by the people also needs support from institutions and its infrastructure. In this regard, the group also suggested that (local and national) governments support initiatives aiming at making people responsible and accountable for their choices, support initiatives that try to collaborate with the private sector more closely in order to make the small-holder realities more interconnected, and ensure that (global and national) norms are set in place to create a framework that allows people to do the best they can with the means they have. In conclusion, the group highlighted the importance of having all actors involved in the process towards a change of food systems - from national institutions to people, and from international organisations, as well as non-governmental organisations, to the private sector - because of the complexity and interconnectivity that are prevalent in a globalised world. قراءة القليل

Narratives and Advocacy. The group discussed the role of narratives and advocacy in the transformation of food systems. First, the group commented the paragraph of the manifesto, highlighting the importance of empowerment; of one’s own responsibility but also the responsibility at the higher level (e.g. community) as we want structural and systemic changes; of the emphasis on accountability of the different actors; of the concept of affordability in its multi-dimensionality; and of the role of behavioural change and education. They commented that the manifesto would need more practical examp... قراءة المزيدles as it is rather abstract. Then, the idea was brought up by a participant to create a visualisation of the manifesto through videos and storytelling. The group outlined the importance of having diverse narratives coming from diverse realities, empowering the people through sharing their stories. Other concrete ideas were discussed and included a social media campaign with local recipe and information on the “externalities” of each products, a storytelling showcasing diets of today’s families in comparison with diets from 3-4 generations back, a campaign using local influencers to promote local, healthy and nutritious diets and the BoT manifesto, a campaign through the BoT members in which they would advocate within their communities for the manifesto and encourage people to show a will for accountability when it comes to their food choices. قراءة القليل

Habitats and Proximity. After a re-reading of the paragraph "Habitats and Proximity" of our Manifesto, the newcomers expressed their thoughts about it and, even though they did not participate in the whole process that led to the drafting of the Manifesto, they agreed with the content. Above all, they supported the need to reconnect the urban area with the rural area, emphasising the importance of a cognitive approach - an aspect that, according to the group, is not considered as important. In support of this thesis, some participants reported examples of initiatives and projects that aim to b... قراءة المزيدridge this gap by focusing on a form of education that leads to this goal. Another important aspect that the group felt necessary to reconnect and rethink our habitats, was to give space to cross-sectoral careers in order to make it easier to disseminate information and knowledge. In this regard, a fundamental element stressed by some participants was to rethink education in order to increase everyone's awareness on where the food we eat comes from, how it is produced, and what its real value is. The group also emphasised the importance of subsidies and their poor distribution among recipients, thus incentivising unsustainable production, especially in certain regions of the world. A participant underlined the need for new laws that would protect sustainable food production and consumption, giving weight also to the role of the private sector, envisaging a system of transparent reporting of the most virtuous companies that could act as an example for all others. A final aspect that some participants raised concerned the relevance of local production and how this should be protected and valorised, for example by relaunching local markets in order to make them attractive to all consumers and reforming food pricing policies without affecting small producers. قراءة القليل

Diversity of Food Systems. The group discussed how a different future world could look like through the lens of the manifesto, outlining certain premises of lines of actions. First, the group looked into the need of increasing awareness about diets fostering diversity, making them more personalised and - even more importantly - more sustainable. In this sense, two BoT participants recalled projects that they developed in previous steps of the BoT process: a health app that would tell you according to your health condition what kind of food fits you best, and an app that would assist you during... قراءة المزيد your groceries to switch to more sustainable products. The group shortly discussed the possibility to combine these two apps into one. Second, the group discussed the role of the private sector in a future diverse system based on small-interconnected realities. All participants agreed that big international enterprises needed to rethink their ways of working. A participant proposed for example that authorities would decentralise production to the places the products are sold. Another participant pointed out that big companies created the unsustainable world in which we are living and thus needed to radically change or disappear to enable the creation of another sustainable system. Two participants, small entrepreneurs, pointed out the need to make competition fairer between SMEs and large companies but underlined the opportunities of collaboration between both. Lastly, someone pointed out the need to create global norms for private sector to enable fair competition. Related to this, participants discussed how the government could create incentives for local and healthy products by accounting, among others, the health costs of unhealthy products via e.g. the insurance system. To conclude, the group agreed that all actors were needed to bring changes and needed to be held accountable and that making information flow in the system was central. قراءة القليل

Renewed Traditions and Empowered Culture. In the fourth break-out session dealing with the paragraph of the Manifesto about renewed traditions and empowered culture, the participants considered that food is perfect for connecting people to nature, because agricultural practices are considered as being the true connection between these two things, rather than only a product of human activity. From this starting point, the group proposed some lines of actions. First of all, in order to connect the youth with the elderlies, in other words connect innovations and traditional knowledge, they propos... قراءة المزيدed to revive old traditions on an individual scale, rediscover traditional dishes, reintroduce traditional cooking ingredients, and make it become a “cool” habit again. Secondly, the participants concluded that it is highly important to give everybody the feeling of being included by empowering all cultures: in order to overcome social exclusion, differences and diversities need to be empowered and to be given space within the communities. Finally, in order to break down the barriers among traditionally separated sectors, as well as between urban and rural areas, the group proposed a “participatory guarantee system” allowing everybody who is interested in the processes behind food production to go and see themselves how everything functions (from production to distribution, to consumption, to disposal). In conclusion, the participants proposed to take old ideas and directing them into new pathways - so, connecting traditional knowledge with new ideas, new techniques and new people - to build trust between different generations, sectors, cultures, and geographical areas. قراءة القليل

Digitalization and knowledge. In the fifth group dealing with digitalisation, technologies and knowledge, the participants considered that much knowledge is already out there and that digitalization is the tool offering many possibilities to share this and make it universally comprehensible. Moreover, the group highlighted the importance of using technologies in a wise way and of making data and information available in the right places and to the right people. More concretely, the participants proposed to link demand and supply for food through internet to make the production and consumption ... قراءة المزيدchain more transparent and efficient, in order to avoid unsustainable consumption patterns due to misinformation and disinformation, and to avoid food losses along the chain due to grey zones. They also stressed the importance of connecting knowledge with consumers, in order to de-complexify consumer behaviour and make consumer choices more informed. The lines of actions proposed by the group worked on many different levels. First of all, it was considered that on the political level authorities need to incentivise and promote certain behaviour, such as for example the recycling of organic waste. Second, the participants suggested more collaboration with the private sector, in the sense that for example supermarkets and small-holder farmers get access to digital solutions. Third, the group highlighted the need for education and capacity building for children, adults and elderlies through project weeks or workshops. Finally, also the possibility to collaborate with social media influencers and advocate in various languages was mentioned as a possible way of improving food systems. قراءة القليل

Affordability and True Value. In the sixth group dealing with true cost and true value, as well as accessibility and affordability of food, the participants considered that people definitely have not enough education on the origins and on the nutrients of food. Moreover, thanks to the international character of the group, we figured out that the fact of not having access to healthy, various and nutritious food in poorer countries is often due to the exportation of the good quality food to richer countries, which could be avoided by adopting the "principle of subsidiarity" proposed in the BoT M... قراءة المزيدanifesto, as this practice suggests to consume as locally as possible and switch to import products coming from far away only when in-land production is not possible. Another important point that was raised was that the price of food needs to be calculated based on its true costs, which are currently not taken into account by our economic system, as the environmental, social, and cultural values have no or little weight in the financial markets. When coming to the lines of actions, the participants proposed some important ways to ensure that true values are considered and accessibility to food is ensured. For example, the participants proposed educational workshops connecting producers and consumers in order to get a feeling of where the food comes from, how much work and time is necessary to grow it, what it means to respect seasonality and understand the advantages of local supply by making the supply chain more transparent. Another proposition from the group was to strengthen education at school for children in order to teach the younger generations about food systems, in order to make food knowledge part of school programs from the beginning. قراءة القليل

Within group 1, while some participants were in favour of self-accountability in transforming food systems, others were rather redirecting accountability to governments or the private sector. In addition, some new-comers commented the not sufficiently practical character of the manifesto. Within group 2, while everyone agrees on a change in food systems, some believe it can only happen by applying some drastic measures, while others think it should happen slowly through education and awareness. A minority of the group believes that artificial intelligence will be key in the food systems of the... قراءة المزيد future while others claim that it will be only a part of it, AI does not have to be essential for the proper fuctioning of the system. Within group 3, while some participants were rather sceptical regarding the role of large companies in a future sustainable world, others pointed out to the huge impacts they could have by changing their business model. Within group 6, some participants considered labels as a way to fix the lack of knowledge from the consumers about the origins and the treatment of food (biological growth, no pesticides, local production, etc.). For others, however, labels were considered misleading, in the sense that they do not tell the entire truth. قراءة القليل

Discussion Topic 4.1: Climate vulnerability, inclusion, and governance - Challenges • Inadequate initiatives to educate consumers on food system and their role • Lack of consumers’ trust especially the educated group on food safety, as they believe that foods are not produced following safety standards • There is no/ inadequate monitoring in fresh markets especially to ensure consumer rights • Consumers pay tolls for public services but regulatory authorities often pay lower attention to improve market systems • Lack of awareness about safe food handling, transportation, and market... قراءة المزيدing • Inadequate consumer demand for safe foods • No scope of traceability • Food wastage due to inadequate storage and poor infrastructure in fresh markets • No separate section for different categories of products in fresh markets • Inadequate or inconvenient mechanism for consumers to submit complaint • Lack of climate-smart and weather-friendly infrastructures and facilities in fresh markets • Business of traditional markets are slowly shrinking due to expansion of online markets and super shops which is resulting into loss of work opportunity • Fresh markets are not connected to e-commerce and online marketplaces • Inadequate hygiene and sanitation facilities in markets for consumers, especially for women قراءة القليل

Discussion Topic 4.2: Climate vulnerability, inclusion, and governance - Recommendations • Conduct sector-wise mass campaign about hygienic food production, transportation, storage and mobile marketing system to enhance access to safe and nutritious food through fresh markets • Allocate segregated space for different categories of products (fish, live birds, meat, vegetables and fruits) • Incentivize value chain actors for producing/ marketing safe food, such as providing them safe food certification, ensuring greater market share and easing up market access for them • Adopt good agric... قراءة المزيدulture practices including record keeping for traceability • Enhance joint market monitoring linked to enforcement of relevant laws through effective multi-stakeholder engagement (public-private partnerships); harmonize relevant laws • Develop communication materials for digital platforms to bring changes into consumer behavior • Develop women friendly market system • Improve fresh market infrastructure with adequate hygiene and sanitation facilities • Activate and ensure proper functioning of market committees • Introduce certification scheme for fresh market actors • Enhance coordination among government regulatory bodies • Decentralize laboratory facility for food quality testing • Develop separate slaughtering facilities • Develop multi-stakeholder platform, common platform for suppliers/ traders-vendors-consumers • Promote grading of products based on testing and certify them • Set price ceilings for certain product clusters to reduce price shocks • Ensure access to production and product information for consumers • Forecast consumer demands ahead and ensure supply of products accordingly to avoid price shocks and reduce food loss and waste • Form CSOs and volunteer groups and engage them into complaint management systems to empower consumers • Develop climate-smart production and marketing systems and market infrastructures • Designate BFSA as the coordinating agency to improve the fresh market monitoring and law enforcement قراءة القليل

Discussion Topic 5.1: Role of governance and infrastructure of the markets in food systems - Challenges Fresh markets within a food system are a complex circuit of various stakeholders at all levels (formal, informal, government, authorities), their key functions, their interactions, coordination combined within the overall system of the fresh markets and the way it all works as a whole with infrastructure, operations and maintenance and revenue management. Most of the fresh markets of Dhaka were built in the 1980s, however, not much upgrading has been done since then. Thus, these markets are ... قراءة المزيدoften dilapidated and overcrowded with vendors and customers. With little reinvestment of profits or expansion, fresh markets lack the modern amenities, safety measures, basic services, and size to cope. Fresh markets are essential parts of urban food system which impact food safety and affordability. They provide convenient access to food throughout the city for the entire spectrum of urban population. They connect rural and urban areas in terms of food and people. 85% of urban households in Dhaka, irrespective of income, purchase most of their fresh fruit, vegetables, fish and meat from traditional fresh markets. However, as fresh markets are usually densely crowded they have been marked as the potential “hotspots” of spreading COVID-19. These markets are also “public institutions” packed with food, vendors, and shoppers, most of which are under-performing and not delivering the quality of services needed. Considering that 63 of Dhaka’s 221 fresh markets were developed in the 1980s (when Dhaka’s population was a seventh of its current size), it is no surprise that the markets need attention and urgent intervention. Therefore, how well fresh markets are managed and function will impact the livelihood of people in the short term, and economic recovery and employment opportunities in the medium term. Challenges: • Fresh market workers and shop owners do not use existing toilets, instead, they use toilets of nearby mosques or go back to their houses or wait until the market closes. 60% and 65% of meat shops and slaughterhouses do not have toilet and hand washing facility, respectively. • 13,333 MTs of waste is generated by urban areas everyday (2005), producing 2.19 million ton CO2 every year, 68% of which is food wastes coming from markets and urban households, and 80-90% of which is biodegradable on average. Waste collection and dumping cost per ton is BDT 2,100-3000 in Dhaka metropolitan area. DNCC and DSCC spend 14% and 22% of their annual budget for waste management • Most market associations are often unable to be strategic and deal with issues on an ad hoc basis. • A 2010 study in Dhaka found that 42% of 100 fish sampled had been treated with formalin. Fecal bacteria from humans and animals were commonly detected on produce that is eaten raw, such as carrots and tomatoes. • 45% of meat sellers do not know proper duration of washing hands, 30% of these workers do not have knowledge of zoonotic diseases, 85% and 90% of them do not wear protective coat/apron and gumboots, and 27% fish retailers suffer from lesions on hands, fingers, toes, and 10% had diarrhea due to unhygienic conditions and unsafe handling of fishes. • Online sales rose by 70–80% during Covid-19 pandemic, with sales of grocery products the main contributor. 80% of e-commerce buyers live in metropolitan centers, leaving a large market untapped. Online vendors are predominantly formal private sector and do not cover informal food markets. قراءة القليل

Discussion Topic 5.2: Role of governance and infrastructure of the markets in food systems - Recommendations • Upgrade physical features of markets with modern amenities and facilities to ensure food security, safety and affordability, considering local needs and food culture • Introduce environment-friendly and gender-responsive physical design for markets • Keep wide and adequate entrance and exit passages in markets • Make market infrastructure resilient to withstand weather conditions such as monsoon • Ensure WASH facilities in markets; build separate toilets for men and women �... قراءة المزيد� Develop and implement a masterplan for markets • Build infrastructures to allow better access for female traders and customers • Upgrade by-laws and institutional arrangements such that to inform design guidelines • Check and maintain compliance with market infrastructure design standards • Develop a common framework to bring coordination among different acts/ laws and authorities • Conduct studies to identify stakeholders’ needs and roles, especially of vendors/ traders • Train up and provide guidance to local operators to ensure safety • Support small farmers/ farms so that they can best utilize the limited resource; organize them under some organization which can serve as an alternative to the conventional cooperatives • Carry out monitoring for both agricultural and non-agricultural products that markets offer • Organize and train up producers, transporter, traders, processors, marketers, and vendors on maintaining food quality throughout the entire value chain from production until delivery to consumers • Promote community enterprise approach, as it has been successful in organizing producers • Mobilize social investment and capital to leverage technology transfer, successful adaption of GAP, and market transformation with traceability towards responsible consumption and sustainable production • Develop the rural markets and road centers which serve as the nodes in food systems • Engage stakeholders (traders, vendors, consumers) in development of rules and decision making process through dialogues • Introduce a central monitoring system to track implementation of market management policies; strengthen monitoring systems • Engage private sectors in market management • Build capacity of producers, traders and consumers to ensure food safety • Make physical infrastructure, management committees, and governance to work together efficiently • Device proper physical planning to ensure good governance including accountability and transparency • Incorporate existing informal systems and understandings into market management guidelines • Use the bylaw under City Corporation Act 2009 (section 7) which allows city corporations to allocate shops such that the shop allocation complies with the layout, plan and design of markets • Introduce formal institutional structure for overall market legislation • Get necessary acts, rules, laws, and bylaws in place and institutional arrangement to enact those rules and acts • Form associations to manage markets following city corporation guidelines and taking public-private partnership approach • Provide proper guideline to market committees; assign specific designation and portfolio to committee members with detailed responsibilities • Provide trainings at different levels, market authorities, traders, especially on market management, governance, and systemic change to respond to shocks and crisis rather than going for ad-hoc solutions • Incorporate climate resilient market design, reducing carbon footprint • Encourage urban agriculture to reduce carbon footprint • Organize food production in different zones to reduce travel time and distance • Train up municipalities and producers about 3R to device waste management system, reduce usage of non-biodegradable packing materials, waste segregations at source, and connect them with waste traders/ recyclers • Incentivize market cleaners to uptake waste segregation at source قراءة القليل

There was no major area of divergence among the participants.

Discussion Topic 3.2: Food safety and effective management of markets - Recommendations • Maintain good hygiene inside markets, especially for vendors; raise awareness among vendors on personal hygiene; introduce and conduct regular health checkups for vendors • Design and build necessary infrastructures to improve waste disposal and drainage systems of markets • Develop cold chains throughout the value chain and cold storages inside markets for products such as fish to prevent loss of quality and freshness • Encourage and implement basic waste segregate (biodegradable and non- biodegr... قراءة المزيدadable) inside markets; utilize biodegradable wastes to produce compost and use for soil fertilization • Conduct routine market monitoring by food inspectors; engage city governments, BFSA, and consumer associations into monitoring • Introduce grading system for food vendors • Train up food vendors on safe food handling and preservation, and market maintenance rules • Promote usage of refrigerated vans for transportation of perishable products • Generate stakeholder mapping along with roles played by different actors to come up with informed recommendations to enhance food safety • Develop targeted knowledge products on food safety for different actors with the help of social scientist and methodological approaches for better outreach and impact • Establishing separate specialized markets only for fish and live birds to improve hygiene and waste management • Put up potable water and sanitation facilities inside marketplace • Improve product load and unload facilities in markets to reduce food loss and keep up quality • Monitor waste management status of markets regularly • Device pre and post-harvest waste management systems to utilize agricultural wastes efficiently (i.e. as fertilizer, animal feed) and to reduce food waste • Upgrade traditional fresh markets to smart markets; examples of standard fresh markets from other countries can be followed • Engage a third-party to manage vendors of fresh markets where all vendors will require to get registered with proof of identity and knowledge of hygiene and safe food handling to be allowed to vend in the market; allocate uniform for all registered food vendors • Generate a list of safe food suppliers for each market and allow vendors to buy products from those affiliated suppliers only • Keep rapid food testing facilities (nomadic labs) inside markets • Raise awareness of food producers/ farmers on safe food production and GAP • Align all rules, regulations, and law enforcing agencies related to food safety under a single umbrella for better coordination and integration; BFSA can be the suitable one to organize other agencies • Develop guidelines/ user manuals for every actor inside markets mentioning their roles and responsibilities for proper maintenance • Introduce grading and pricing of food items according to freshness/ proximity to expiry date to reduce food loss • Use GIS mapping to select most effective spots to situate storage facilities قراءة القليل

Markets play a critical role in delivering food to urban populations. A recent FAO study indicates that 95% of urban poor mostly purchase their food from fresh markets as foods there, are fresh, diversified, and more affordable. However, food safety and hygiene conditions have been poor in most urban fresh markets. Due to absence of cross contamination prevention measurements and proper sanitation facility, fresh markets have been associated with the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1), and most recently SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in humans. Fish constitutes 60% o... قراءة المزيدf total animal protein intake, but fish markets are commonly filthy, ill-managed, unhygienic and unhealthy. 50% of meat shops do not have proper drainage facility, 30% slaughter animals without inspection of a veterinary surgeon or meat inspector, 90% slaughter a sick animal, and 90% animals do not have anti-mortem examination. Risky practices (keeping live birds and slaughtering at the same place, keeping poultry overnight, holding poultry on floor, and housing sick and healthy poultry together), hygiene, and infrastructure in live bird markets (LBM) are associated with an increased likelihood of shop contamination with Avian Influenza Viruses. 62.8% shops do not isolate the sick, dehydrated, or physically damaged birds after arrival to the shops. No veterinarian is found in LBMs for anti-mortem and postmortem inspection. Dhaka’s population has increased by more than 4 folds in last thirty years, but market infrastructures and soft skills of people involved, have not been developed to handle such a boost in number of customers. Underinvestment in physical conditions of food markets has meant that bringing about change is a challenge with very little leadership coming forward to do so willingly in a coordinated manner. Bangladesh incurs food loss during handling and storage in markets due to lack of technology, infrastructure, and awareness. It loses 30% cereal, 35% fish and 45% from farm to distribution. Post-harvest loss of fruits and vegetables ranges between 22%-44%. The unmanaged food waste produced by fresh markets poses substantial threats to the environment (landfill gas emissions). These wastes can be used for energy recovery via waste to energy technologies, thus diverting food waste away from landfills. Reducing food loss and waste (FLW) and adopting these interventions can be benefitting for economy, environment, and communities. Most of the fresh market workers work under very poor conditions. A field survey in various vegetable markets suggests that sanitation facility there, is not adequate and in some cases is not present at all. A study on meat shops found that 60% and 65% of them did not have toilet and hand washing facility, respectively. 87% of retail fish market workers do not wash hands after defecation. The fresh markets and the backward value chain could not cope up well with the shocks of Covid-19 pandemic and the resulting lockdowns. Urban markets have seen price hikes due to lack of supplies, whereas, the small scale producers suffered in getting their produces to markets and ended up dumping off the perishable products. Also, fresh markets lost customers because of allegedly being the hotspots of spreading Coronavirus, making people to switch to more expensive alternatives. The growth in online food businesses during this period has been inequitable, for both consumers and fresh market vendors. قراءة القليل