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STRONG GOVERNANCE and holistic policies in ECA are needed to develop, test and prove solutions to the challenges of a systemic transformation of food systems, particularly considering the post-COVID-19 recovery. Better food systems data will allow policy-makers make sound decisions to guide, navigate, and provide incentives for all other actors in the system, leading to better public health, a protected environment, while balancing social and economic needs. Food systems are key to accelerating changes and reaching Sustainable Development Goals including SDG 2. Food systems need to be EQUITABL... قراءة المزيدE and promote the livelihoods and NUTRITIONAL STATUS of the MOST VULNERABLE in food systems both in urban and rural areas (including smallholders, children, youth, and women) with a view to addressing their specific needs, access to safe, nutritious food, and enabling them to catalyze income generation to be drivers of change through their food choices. Investing in agri-food systems which make nutrient-rich foods available, at affordable prices for all, is needed in the region. Studies conducted in the region show that both consumers and producers must be further educated about the importance of different aspects of sustainability of food systems, and the effect of individual’s actions and food choices. More research is needed in this area to monitor new and potential trends. Special attention needs to be paid to nutrition, especially among young people who will bring the habit of healthy eating to the next generations. Small-holders and other actors responsible for producing and supplying our food can also be VULNERABLE. Young farmers continue to face many challenges including access to land, finance and income; affordable knowledge and innovation. INVESTMENTS and policies need to be tailored to build an agri-food system which creates good conditions for people who are producing our food. This includes overcoming the digital divide, improving access to technology, knowledge and skills, and allowing farmers to work collectively, including peer to peer learning. BOOSTING NATURE POSITIVE production and building CLIMATE-RESILIENT solutions, including financing greening of agricultural production and value chains. Policymakers need to get as much information as possible to make sound decisions and see possible trade-offs. Such information and data is not always available in the region. It is therefore important to enhance research studies aimed at collecting data on food systems and model data for the future. Win-wins will not only depend on good governance, solid investment but also data driven decision-making processes. More must be done to scale up efforts to develop CIRCULAR ECONOMY approaches which promote food security by dealing with food loss and waste. One of the ways to shift the food systems towards sustainability is closing material loops, optimizing recycling opportunities and designing loss and waste out of the system. INNOVATION can change not only the way how the food system works and make it much more efficient, but also, make consumers healthier. ECA however still faces significant digital divides and millions of people are disconnected. There are areas where there's no investment in the fast broadband and there is a challenge of exclusion of the end user. The emerging technologies offer great opportunities for the efficiency to the food systems. Innovation in all its forms is important, not only technological but social as well. Additionally innovation has many pathways, sometimes it can also mean going “back” to producing local heritage plants, such as Georgian wheats. It is important to promote a MULTI-SECTORAL APPROACH to the food system so all agencies can work together including governments, the private sector, civil society and academia. Some governments in the regions –- adopted an approach which ensures inclusive value change development and cooperation between the government and private sector. The efforts also need to enable people engagement and empowerment. People, including smallholders, food business operators, and consumers, should be empowered to innovate, empowered to contribute to healthier diets, green solutions. قراءة القليل

The key outcomes of the discussed topics prioritize the need to: 1. Strengthen common understanding of and political commitment towards sustainable food system development at regional and country levels, through a holistic and multi-sectoral approach Actions in making food systems more sustainable, based on research and local knowledge should be prepared and taken up by stakeholders, including policymakers in a collaborative and coherent manner. The Eurasian Economic Commission is an example of a regional institution that develops projects to improve trade logistics to make food more affordabl... قراءة المزيدe and accessible. It is currently discussing a policy document on food security and has created a platform to help secure food accessibility during emergency situations, such as COVID-19. The much needed policy coherence for sustainable food systems, will only happen when action is taken at country level to facilitate cooperation between the line Ministries and other actors. The Republic of Armenia (Ministry of Economy) adopted such a system approach and created two platforms to ensure inclusive value change development and cooperation between the government and private sector. 2. Improve nutrition among vulnerable consumers, especially children and women Despite regulations on school feeding programmes, many schoolchildren make unhealthy and unsustainable food choices. Research shows that in the Western Balkans food taste is the most important determinant of food choice followed by purchase convenience, health and price. The power of consumer choice in shaping food systems should not be underestimated. 3. Encourage collaboration between government, farmers, academia and civil society organizations to develop concrete policies, including financial incentives, so that the transition to more sustainable – from the biodiversity and climate point of view – greening agriculture and food sector becomes a reality In many countries in the region, such as the Republic of Uzbekistan incentives (or programmes) to “green” food systems are being implemented. These include water saving technologies, smart cultivation and harvesting technologies, organic production, investment in targeted sorting, grading, storage and processing technologies as well as minimizing food loss and waste (i.e. Let’s do Macedonia). Matching knowledge transfer with financial incentives or subsidies was also highlighted. For example in Azerbaijan subsidies are offered to farmer cooperatives to stimulate application of modern technologies, such as irrigation systems. The EU Green Deal and its Farm to Fork strategy is a crucial part of the significant transition that countries in the region are embarking upon. The role of NGOs in the food system’s transformation should be advocated and promoted (i.e. Let’s do Macedonia - an initiative on food waste prevention). 4.Invest in inclusive value chain development Value chains can play a key role in driving transformation within the food system. Governments and the private sector need to work together to support small-holders and SMEs engage in functioning value chains, which lead to increased market access and household income generation. Sustainable value chains need investments in roads and infrastructure, uptake of technologies, safe use of agricultural inputs, and production practices which do not pollute the environment. In parallel, enabling policy to allow for innovation, appropriate use of financial instruments for greening of value chains, and ensuring foods produced are safe and nutritious. Evidently, there can be multiple gains for human and planetary health, and economic growth. قراءة القليل

Land Access and Urban Farming: Promoting urban agriculture can help residents, especially residents of color to build job skills, generate income, contribute to community development, increase food access and security, and foster connection to broader efforts that combat the root causes of structural inequities such a racial and economic justice. Actions: • Look at the open land from city operations, the military, utilities, schools, and universities. This land can be used for urban agriculture. • Invest in of testing soils, renovating, and putting in water infrastructure. From there, let ... قراءة المزيدthe community take over. • Put grants in place to make properties available and accessible. • Provide urban agriculture training and work opportunities for inmates or recently incarcerated. • Support the creation of community land trusts as a way for the community to build wealth. قراءة القليل

Data: Data is important to mobilize action and engagement with key stakeholders and to effectively identify gaps and priority interventions. Food Asset mapping was discussed as a positive way to both collect data and mobilize action within communities. While collecting and sharing data is essential, it must not be seen as an end itself or as a substitute for action. Collecting data from more traditional sources (eg. Scientific peer reviewed studies) as well as non-traditional sources (“community intelligence” and experience) is key for promoting inclusive food systems.

Resilience and Emergency Planning: The pandemic showed cities that they weren’t prepared for the level of food insecurity posed by disasters. Cities must integrate food access and resilience into adaptation and emergency planning, develop relationships with stakeholders across the food system to build resilience, and ensure at least some local food production for emergencies. One city surveyed its residents and found that residents recommended prioritizing food in emergency planning.

Rural-Urban Interface: Cities focus much of their effort and resources on urban agriculture projects. Greater connection between urban and peri-urban and nearby rural areas was discussed as a way to build resilience. Regional collaboration and resource distribution can strengthen both urban resilience and nearby rural agriculture economic sustainability.

Schools: Schools connect people of many backgrounds. Cities can use that as an opportunity to build relationships between rural and urban children and residents. To strengthen children’s relationship with food, build in science and education about food systems and have school gardening projects and farm to school food procurement.

Any divergences came from the different food system ecosystems different cities experience.

The discussion focused on ensuring food security, resilience, an equity in cities. It considered the methods, measurements, and goals necessary to increase cohesiveness and inclusivity in food systems planning and action. Speakers, panelists, and participants shared their community’s contexts, successes and visions. Food security, resilience, and equity are deeply intertwined. Food systems practitioners throughout the U.S. found that centering community voices and needs helped them do their job of ensuring food security, resilience, and equity.

Many local governments throughout the U.S. have a wide array of disconnected food programs. There is a movement toward connecting these programs and developing overarching food systems visions and goals across local government departments and with local stakeholders. To start creating holistic food systems improvements, leadership must come together with the community to develop an overarching vision, develop a structure, and connect programs and people. These disconnected food programs have often focused on solving the symptoms of an unjust food system. For example, distributing food to those... قراءة المزيد that cannot procure it themselves. To holistically improve local food system outcomes, cities and communities are starting to look at food sovereignty, land access, community-led processes, and improving city and community-wide communication and commitment. Local governments throughout the U.S. are diverse. The structure and focus of planning depend on local context. Even with this variation, or maybe because of it, the discussion focused on centering and giving power to community members to shape the food system. The issues of food justice, racial justice, food sovereignty, community involvement, and sustainable production are all connected. As one speaker said, “today, I heard agreement across all panels and breakouts in the belief that all people and all communities should have the right and the means to produce, procure, prepare, share, and eat food that's nutritionally and culturally affirming free from exploitation of themselves, other people and nonhuman animals, and also in harmony with the rest of the natural world.” Actions and commitments (10 year/2030 vision) This dialogue was between practitioners and stakeholders from across the U.S. No overarching actions and commitments were determined. A general agreement among participants was that multi-level governance mechanisms in the U.S. are not well aligned toward creating food systems grounded in place or equitable access—but that local governments are critical actors to move the food system in this direction. Actionable messages to UNFSS When including local government voices at the international level, include local voices from the beginning. Ensure they have input into the processes that inform the UNFSS. Focus on the experiences and needs of those not currently served by the food system. Hire them as consultants to your work. Provide a platform for those that don’t currently have avenues to power but that have lived experience and connections. Cities have to do what’s right for their constituents. Cities can do this by putting their constituents in positions of power and influence through mechanisms like local food councils, food positions at the city, community hearings, and funding community-led initiatives. Protect small land owners, small food businesses, and communities from the influence of big business interests and consolidation. Protect and promote grassroots advocacy. Provide nations and regions with guidance on how to set a flexible national and regional food systems visions that help local governments align their visions while also centering and empowering local communities. قراءة القليل

Community-led processes: Food systems outcomes are most successful when community led. Cities contribute to this success by facilitating community conversation, building networks and relationships, funding pilot projects, providing information, and codifying conclusions in plans and legislation. Actions: • Cities should facilitate and channel the voice of the community. Listen to, create relationships, and build trust with community groups. • Take on the expense of what the community wants/needs. For example, conduct soil tests on land that can go to the community for gardening. • Host d... قراءة المزيدemonstration projects, that train people how have a successful food endeavors followed by policy that enables these actions. • Have dialogues with the community and support what people are asking for through legislation. • Develop programs and structures that can be self-sustaining over time, since government resources shift. • Be transparent, report back to the community to hold government accountable. • Pay community members to be part of advisory boards. Include residents that aren’t usually involved in these processes and aren’t already affiliated with organizations that already have access to power in the city. • Use community engagement and ownership model of planning and action to alleviate disparities in actual representation and leadership. • Be flexible and humble. Always keep coming back and revisit the community and their recommendations. قراءة القليل

Food Sovereignty: Structural racism limits access to healthcare, culturally appropriate nutrition, food preparation, retail food stores, and wellness programs. It causes disconnected BIPOC networks and high food insecurity. There are barriers to access infrastructure, food assets, community gardens, food programs, and community kitchens. Uneven access to funding to BIPOC organizations meant they were not able to respond quickly in times of crisis such as COVID-19. Additionally, land is prohibitively expensive for people to start new rural or urban farms. Racist policies took land from many far... قراءة المزيدmers of color. Actions: • Place community leaders as experts, pay for participation, and create online opportunities to increases reach. • Declare anti-black racism as a public health crisis. • Advocate at the state level to improve land access for new farmers and farmers of color. • When non-Native communities and nations working with Native nations, approach as equals and ask “how can we support your solutions.” • Provide the resources, financial support, and information needed for communities to create their own thriving food systems. قراءة القليل

The prevalence of small producers in the informal economy is a big challenge. It is important to recognize the role and potential of the informal sector as a key player in local food systems. There are different perspectives on the formalization of the sector in a context such as COVID where informality is a vulnerability factor but, in some cases, can be a resilience factor for some of the producers. Participants raised questions about whether informal systems were more nimble than formal markets in times of crisis, and whether they might offer more environmentally sustainable approaches. T... قراءة المزيدhe dialogue surfaced different perspectives on the scale at which action should be prioritized. Some participants pointed to the value in large scale responses for broad based universal (not means tested) social protection policies, noting that mobilisation of robust safety nets must by design be large. Others called for greater attention to local and mid-level government responses which play a key role in implementation. Overall, participants supported the need to work at multiple scales. While the need for greater collaboration between civil society actors and government was echoed by many, the impact of the pandemic on these linkages varied across contexts. Some noted that pandemic responses strengthened linkages between civil society and governments, particularly when it came to sensitization of COVID-19 information, while others pointed to increasingly fragmented food aid with civil society attempting to fill gaps in an uncoordinated way. قراءة القليل

What are the mechanisms through which civil society and governments can work together to identify what works to support more resilient, inclusive and healthy food systems, and to scale them to different agroecological and sociocultural contexts? Potential mechanisms could involve technical assistance, capacity-building in the use of bottom-up approaches, promoting public-private sector partnerships, income diversification, social protection for the poorest, conduct more research and strengthen food distribution to reach markets. There is a need to increase resilience at the local level and con... قراءة المزيدcurrently capitalize on global food production resilience (global markets with transport and logistics systems which were considered essential). Each supply chain is going to have its own unique vulnerability and solution profile. At the local level, greater attention to strengthening food sovereignty based on traditional systems is needed, and this should be accompanied by support to more sustainable production at a global level. The pandemic and its effect on food systems highlighted the importance of social programs in response interventions, as well as the importance of supporting small businesses rather than only individuals. Community involvement in project cycle (design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation) is essential for the identification of responses adapted to ecological and socio-cultural contexts. Provision by governments of credit and guarantee funds to support the development of small agricultural enterprises among women and young people, combined to capacity building would create favorable conditions for agricultural development. Access to credit is essential to support the development of agricultural businesses by vulnerable populations. The agricultural sector has enormous potential in terms of job creation and wealth, and governments must support the transition of small producers into the formal economy. Only technologies that are resilient to climate change, gender sensitive (labor-saving) and nutritious (biofortification), will foster resilient and inclusive food systems especially in context of vulnerability aggravated by shocks such as pandemics. Digitization of agriculture is important but often women are the ones who do not have access to phones so it’s important to ensure women are included in solutions. Digital tools can help the implementation of agricultural insurance systems. Cell phones can help formal and informal small-scale producers document their practices and show that crop losses are due to due to climate extremes or infestation, therefore supporting farmers claims and reassuring insurers that claims are valid (could we do the same for pandemics?) Pandemic impacts reinforce the imperative to bridge humanitarian and development assistance. Food security shocks related to COVID have compounded food security shocks from drought, and those related to forced displacement and other climate shocks. Women, youth and other marginalized groups are most impacted. Relief efforts must be combined with long-term recovery efforts. Governments need to take advantage of mechanisms put in place by community and civil society organizations, especially in rural communities where they can leverage existing trust, networks and more nuanced understanding of community needs. Support to producer organizations that are already present in rural areas (cooperatives can disseminate information and reach their members) can increase resilience – coops are socially conscious economic entities that contribute to social cohesion. They provide access to technical, financial and information services so investment in coops benefits communities. Civil society groups in urban settings have also played a key role but are often under-funded and disconnected from both government responses and other community efforts. Without greater government support, it will be challenging to leverage the full potential of these organizations in long term recovery. قراءة القليل

Private sector must be part of recovery efforts, with a clear role to play in provision and distribution of nutritious and affordable food, in new modes of production that supports climate resilience. There is a huge opportunity to use climate change adaptation and ecosystem restoration as a source of jobs creation, and green growth could help to create and support essential livelihoods in the wake of the pandemic. More timely and disaggregated data is needed to inform planning, policy and practice that meets the needs of and can be accessed by policymakers and producers to react to potential ... قراءة المزيدfuture shocks. Collecting, collating and analysing data, then preparing it for decision-makers, requires technical capacity. Governments must invest in gender-sensitive agricultural research (including scientific, technological capacity building and leadership for women and young agricultural researchers) and provide research grants to help develop technologies that respond to the needs of women, men, and disadvantaged populations. Efforts should be made to further investigate instances of resilience in the face of the pandemic and conditions that allowed actors to pivot quickly to establish different food supply systems, and how sustainable this is and what lessons this offers for building more resilient, equitable food systems moving forward. New ways of analysing data to generate predictions will be needed. Data and methods should be made open access so that other researchers can examine, analyse and interpret the information and provide peer review. قراءة القليل

Event title: Building resilient and sustainable food systems: How can emerging lessons from communities affected by Covid-19 shape the way forward? COVID-19 is having a major impact on households’ production and access to good quality, nutritious food, due to losses of income, combined with increasing food prices, and restrictions to movements of people, inputs and products. The hardest hit in both rural and urban areas are frequently women and those who work in informal economies. This dialogue focused on drawing out the lessons and priority actions that need to be taken to respond to food ... قراءة المزيدsecurity challenges in a way that addresses informality and gender dynamics, for food systems to become resilient, equitable and sustainable into the next decade. In particular the discussion generated lessons and ideas around advancing equitable livelihoods, building resilience to vulnerabilities, shocks and stress and to ensuring access to safe and nutritious food for all. The design of the dialogue was informed, in part, by ongoing research supported by IDRC, IDS and by ACIAR to understand the impacts of COVID-19 on food systems and livelihoods in different regions and contexts, helping the convenors to frame the entry points for discussion and identify actors to be part of the process. Please see relevant links section below. The dialogue brought together a range of stakeholders and perspectives on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food systems and livelihoods, focusing on the evidence and experience generated from the most affected communities in low- income countries to generate ideas for action. The participants brought together knowledge and experience from across Latin America, Europe, Africa, Asia and the Pacific and represented a wide range of thematic areas and sectors. Special attention was given to bring a southern voice and perspective into the discussion. The key discussion topics were: What does the evidence on impacts of COVID on food security and livelihoods suggest governments and communities need to do to reduce the vulnerability of women and other marginalized people? What are the mechanisms through which civil society and governments can work together to identify what works to support more resilient, inclusive and healthy food systems, and to scale them to different agroecological and sociocultural contexts? The event curator, opened the event and welcomed participants. To set the scene we invited 3 keynote speakers from a range of geographic locations and perspectives to share insights from their work and reflect on the ways forward to support sustainable food systems for all, with particular focus on the most vulnerable groups. These speakers were: ● Julio Berdegue (FAO) - FAO Assistant Director-General and Regional Representative for Latin America and the Caribbean. ● Dicta Ogisi (CPED) – Professor of Agricultural Economics, Delta State University, and Senior Researcher at the Centre for Population and Environmental Development (CPED), Benin City, Nigeria. an independent Think Tank based in Benin City dedicated to promoting sustainable development and reducing poverty and inequality through policy oriented research and active engagement on development issues. ● Mariame Maiga (CORAF) - Regional Gender and Social Development Adviser for the West and Central African Council for Agricultural Research and Development (CORAF) based in Dakar, Senegal. قراءة القليل

Responses from the political sector and civil society emphasized the immediate response to the immediate effects of the pandemic such as providing access to food to alleviate the impact on populations (social protection). In most instances these social protection responses need to be expanded to reach the most vulnerable – including women, youth, people with disabilities, displaced persons, and informal sector actors – but there is evidence across contexts that rapid large scale universally targeted social protection policies can reduce the impacts of shocks. There is also a need to ensure... قراءة المزيد that the immediate responses include supporting the food systems to ensure they remain functional, for example through supporting access to markets. Although essential, we also need to develop longer-term strategies (based on access to gender-specific technologies, access to credit and guarantee funds, particularly for women and young people) if we are to develop food production systems that are more resilient (less vulnerable to pandemics) and equitable. Food Systems are complex; we need more complex approaches that recognize intersectoral linkages for the development of risk assessment systems for more effective response. Comprehensive policy responses must consider environmental, social protection, health and food security factors in a contextual, evidence-informed way. The precarity of the informal sector has deepened and addressing this will be key to fostering more resilient food systems. Key to design and delivery of comprehensive policy responses should be the inclusion of local voices in decision making and strategy design as well as indigenous knowledge and food production practices. Civil society can be a link to understanding the needs of the most impacted (we define this to include women, youth, people with disabilities, displaced persons and those working in the informal sector), and there is a need to strengthen coordination between formal government responses and community level responses (through networks, community organizations, civil society). It was suggested that greater collaboration with civil society may help foster trust in government responses in contexts where trust is weak. The dialogue also highlighted importance of strengthening the resilience of local food production systems (essential for reducing vulnerability) while strengthening global systems to enable a global response to local crises. The coexistence of local systems/strengthening of local production systems while strengthening global production is an important challenge that we face in reforming and transforming food systems. In the past, changes were made to the benefit of some, and to the detriment of others. Dealing with these issues will take political power and financial resources. For example, very few farmers have access to finance, much less so in developing countries. But adaptation to climate change and other shocks requires financial input from farmers. There is a gap in the ambition of the narrative (transform food systems, adapt to climate change, build resilience and confront COVID) versus the reality (inadequate provision of finance for farmers). Where are the resources that would make this agenda feasible? How can access to funding for adaptation resilience be facilitated? There is a huge opportunity to use climate change adaptation and ecosystem restoration as a source of jobs creation. It is far more economical to create a job in ecosystem restoration, than to create one in construction, which is the typical recovery program. This approach to green growth could help to create and support essential livelihoods in the wake of the pandemic. قراءة القليل

What does the evidence on impacts of COVID on food security and livelihoods suggest governments and communities need to do to reduce the vulnerability of women and other marginalized people? Livelihood impacts along the value chain and increasing food insecurity among the broader population due to disruptions to food systems highlights the need to balance containment measures and public health concerns with food systems impacts, ensuring access to both inputs for production and markets. Moving goods between countries became challenging due to containment measures in place (food security was mo... قراءة المزيدre impacted in countries that adopted more drastic health measures), and uncertainty around border closures impacted millions of animals ready to be slaughtered that could no longer cross borders due to border restrictions. Food distribution was particularly a challenge for communities with limited capacity to transport food. Mobility constraints were an aggravating factor for large facilities which depended on workforce and labour coming from abroad which was restrained, but also affected small scale producers relying on external labour at critical moment in the farming season. Lack of access to food and inputs because of the public health measures meant that people had to use strategies to adapt that were increasingly severe and harsh such as having to skip meals (especially women), selling land, and other various mitigation measures. Market closures and suspension of cross border trade as containment measures were particularly detrimental to those in the informal sector, small producers, and migrant farm workers – many of whom are women or youth – and relief measures such as social protection programs should be more targeted in addressing the impacts to these specific groups. When considering how vulnerability has increased during the pandemic, it is essential to also recognize the ways that confinement, restrictions on mobility and loss of livelihoods impacted social dynamics, including increased violence at a household level. Differential impacts of reopening may hold insights for how long-term recovery should be approached. In many instances, men are quicker to get back into the workforce than women. Emergency response systems were insufficient to respond to pandemics. Sectoral, segmental approaches didn’t work well during COVID. The pandemic highlighted the need to integrate responses from different sectors (health, agriculture, trade, etc). Across contexts, increasing food prices reinforced the need for greater action by governments and the private sector to ensure affordability and access to nutritious food. Fixed price schemes and school feeding programs were highlighted as one step towards addressing affordability issues, but these must ensure greater access to nutritious food. Limited access to quality food during the pandemic has been the result of challenges in production, transport, affordability of food, and compounded by food safety considerations. Civil society and non-governmental organizations offer important links between government responses and the most impacted. Front line non-governmental organizations and social support organizations such as food banks are essential for government responses to be able to reach the most vulnerable and less accessible populations. Cooperatives can play an important role in crisis situations because they are already embedded in the communities and are setting up production diversification systems, to support communications on COVID, protection measures, etc. More active and dynamic cooperatives set up awareness-raising activities, sought seeds to diversify people's diets and kept the commercial channels open to sell production. Their members were less impacted by public health measures than those from less dynamic ones. Greater coordination between governments and civil society responses should be established to ensure that policies better reflect differentiated needs, and those most impacted can access relief and recovery programs. قراءة القليل

Discussion group 1: The role of evaluation for Sustainable Food Systems In this group participants discussed the role that evaluation can play in strengthening food systems and the lessons that should be taken on board from the impacts of the Covid on food systems, in order to support progress towards more sustainable and resilient food systems. Participants agreed that evaluation is able to deliver the knowledge and evidence needed to inform decision-making leading to transformation of food systems. For this to happen and for the evaluation community to fully release it’s potential, the fie... قراءة المزيدld of evaluation needs to keep up to and evolve as much as are the development challenges we are confronted to, which are becoming increasingly complex and urgent. Evaluation tools and frameworks have to be adapted to address and to analyze the complexity of the food systems and make a difference. This is already happening and participants shared two examples moving in this direction: i) The CGIAR is developing its new research programme cycle, in which they revised methods used, approaches, areas to analyze, among others. This revision led to enhancing the way in which evaluations should be carried out, and what they should prioritize. ii) The Nourish for flourish diagnostic evaluation/needs assessment, provides an example of a diagnostic evaluation to determine food security needs, carried out at the provincial level in Cape Town in partnership with Academia and other stakeholders, leading to a multilevel stakeholder discussion, which enhanced the engagement among stakeholders towards food systems key areas of improvement. Outcomes were taken by the provincial government to develop a strategy for improving food systems. This exercise, which can be seen as a process use evaluation, helped create community and government led groups to discuss and address food security issues. The Covid crisis has shown that gaps in income and food insecurity are increasing. The coping mechanisms that people are putting in place can be leveraged as opportunities to innovate food systems interventions. The group also noted that resilience is a key aspect to support as it translates into improved preparedness during crisis. قراءة القليل

Discussion group 2: Evaluation methods and approaches for food systems transformation This was quite a rich discussion with a variety of suggestions and inputs made both on the methods and approached that evaluation should adopt to address food systems transformation. Participants emphasized that to address complexity it is important to use participatory approaches and the engagement of stakeholders, particularly small-scale farmers. For instance, the qualitative impact protocol (QUIP) puts the farmers at the center of the system, helps to understand the contribution of other actors and linkag... قراءة المزيدes. Inclusive and equitable evaluations were also suggested to address root-causes of inequalities: indigenous evaluations and feminist approaches in particular. Realist evaluation type approaches are important to contextualize findings. These do not exclude other approaches such as theory of change evaluation and impact evaluation. The best team would consist of a team that understands the principles behind each of these and use them for usual reinforcement. Other evaluation approaches suggested were Contribution analysis, Outcome Harvesting. “Outcome mapping and outcome harvesting help us to better understand unintended consequences and are quite useful in supplementing some of our traditional approaches” added a participant Regarding specific tools and methods that evaluators can use to address the complexities of food systems and their transformation, Theories of Change were mentioned, and in particular new nested approaches to Theories of Change design, which are important for bringing stakeholders together. In the toolbox of evaluators, there should also be a place for Stakeholder mapping, and in order to deepen and expand on specific stakeholders input and influence, influence mapping in decision-making. For policy evaluations, and considering that food systems cuts across different ministries/ authorities, observations and immersion, that consists of immerse evaluators in the policy making process to understand the people embedded in the systems. Last but not least, smart technologies and data tools are useful assets in evaluations of food systems, which can be constrained by capacities of evaluators themselves. قراءة القليل