استكشاف الملاحظات الرسمية للحوار

Discussion Topic AT6: Right to Food and Food Sovereignty Act-a legal framework for sustainable food systems in Nepal Context: Nepal has developed legal framework to ensure good governance of food systems and transform them. The right to food and food sovereignty is enshrined in the constitution, and the government has given priority to ensure safe and nutritious food to all in a sustainable manner. The Right to Food and Food Sovereignty Act accommodates all ATs and provides as a legal framework for the resilient, equitable and sustainable food systems in Nepal. Underlying causes affecting the ... قراءة المزيدstated proposition: Limited consultations with stakeholders, while formulating the Act; outcomes of the consultations were not widely shared. In general, policies are often prepared in rush, and with less attention to preparing action plan. Lack of organized efforts in the implementation of policies. Poor accountability measures on the implementation of laws/policies. Governments, particularly at local levels lack technical capacity to prepare laws and policies. Underlying Barriers to Achieve the Stated Proposition: • No effective implementation of the Food Act and no policy harmonization • No awareness among the targeted groups about the provisions of the Act • No update of the Acts • Inadequate development of infrastructures to support agri. value chains. • Lack of adoption of production-based subsidy system • Existence of weak and inadequate institutions and mechanisms and inadequate technical manpower • Poor awareness among the food security and weak advocacy about it • Increasing fragmentation of cultivated land • Very less recognition of agriculture as a profession • Inadequate modern scientific laboratory, human resources, and poor allocation of resources for it • Lack of identification of food insecure areas and implementation of appropriate food programs Actions in the next 3 years • Formulation of Regulation to implement the provisions of the Act • Implementation of all provisions of the Act • Preparation and implementation of Food Plans • Inclusion of Nutrition Education in the school curriculum • Development and operation of modern laboratories with sufficient equipment and resources • Prepare database of every citizen • Formation of National Food Council, Provincial Food Council and Local Food Coordination Committee • Practice group farming, provide land to landless people for cultivation • Identify the food insecure targeted people • Promote kitchen/home gardening, monitor the prices of imported food products and harmonize the price with local products • Increase the capacity of food storages and increase the transportation subsidy Assessing the success of Action: • Formulation of Food Regulation to implement the Act • Monitoring and Evaluation of the distribution of subsidy and technical support for agricultural commercialization through developing a participatory mechanism. Roles and Responsibilities of governments and other stakeholders: Federal government: • Stabilize price, Study and research, M&E, facilitation of export and import, establishment of food storages, and judicial distribution Federal & province govt: • Allocation of required resources and strengthen food system for achieving desired outcome and implement governance mechanism for transparency and accountability Province & Local govt: • Formulation of regulations, dissemination of public messages, awareness raising education programs, establishment of food storages, technical support, Local govt: • Control the land fragmentation, identification of food insecure families and provide food to them, regulate the middlemen and develop marketing infrastructures. قراءة القليل

There was no marked observation on the areas of divergence.

Government of Nepal, National Planning Commission (NPC), organized the provincial Food Systems Dialogue of Province 1 on 25 June 2021 on the theme Nepal towards an equitable, resilient and sustainable food system. Hon. Dr Krishna Prasad Oli, Member of NPC and National Dialogues Convenor delivered the welcome and opening remarks. Ms. Niru Dahal Pandey of Ministry of Land Management, Agriculture and Cooperatives (MoLMAC) and Provincial Dialogue Curator curated the dialogues. Major focus of the dialogue was to engage stakeholders for a comprehensive exploration of food systems in Nepal as part of... قراءة المزيد the process for the UN Food Systems Summit 2021. The specific objectives of the dialogue were to; • raise awareness and promote public discussion on the food systems, • examine current situation and identify key aspects of Nepalese food systems, such as the drivers, actions, pathways, and • explore opportunities for food system to make it equitable, sustainable and resilient. Total of 109 participants attended the event representing different stakeholder groups, background, institutions, and professions. In order to generate focused dialogues and collect the specific inputs, participants were assigned to respective Action Track (AT) Groups after a brief opening session in the plenary. The AT coordinators, facilitators, co-facilitators, and rapporteurs facilitated the dialogue process and documented the discussion outcomes. Each AT Group had proposition and reference questions to engage in dialogue and provide inputs as follows: AT 1 Proposition: Increased agriculture productivity and develop sustainable food chain for affordable safe, healthy, and nutritious diet to improve levels of nutrition, ensure all people to be well nourished and healthy and achieve zero hunger. AT2 Proposition: Enabling, inspiring and motivating people to enjoy healthy and sustainable consumption options; Slashing food loss and waste; and transitioning to a circular economy through advancing in technological, environmental, economic, social, regulatory, and institutional fronts. AT3 Proposition: Protect natural ecosystems from new deforestation and conversion for food and feed production; manage sustainably existing food production systems; restore degraded ecosystems and rehabilitate soil function for sustainable food production. AT4 Proposition: Developing inclusive and diverse food systems that contribute to the elimination of poverty and food and nutrition insecurity by creating jobs, raising incomes across food value chains; protecting and enhancing cultural and social capital; reducing risks for the poorest and increasing value distribution. AT5 Proposition: Developing inclusive and equitable food systems to ensure that all people within a food system are empowered to prepare for, withstand, and recover from instability and participate in a food system that, despite shocks and stressors, delivers food security, nutrition, and equitable livelihoods for all. AT6: Referring to the overarching legal document developed based on the constitutional provision, Right to Food and Food Sovereignty Act (2018), is considered as a legal framework. Hence, this Act and related policies are the key to strengthen food system governance and accountability and transform food system that is resilient, equitable and sustainable. Dialogue reference questions: Following 5 questions were presented to the participants to facilitate the dialogue: 1. What are the underlying causes/ barriers for achieving the stated proposition? 2. What are the key drivers of unsustainable food system? 3. What actions in the next 3 years will have greatest impact on the Discussion Topic? 4. How will it be possible to tell if these actions are being successful? 5. What are the role and responsibilities of the food system actors including those of the federal, provincial, and local Governments in sustainable food system transformation in Nepal? قراءة القليل

Discussion Topic AT4: Advance equitable livelihoods of people involved in food systems Context: Landless, smallholders, women, Dalits, indigenous people rely on agriculture and forest-based foods; many of them are unrecognized as farmers, underpaid and, or wage rates differ by gender. Deep rooted social and economic inequalities in employment opportunities increase vulnerability. Inadequate institutional mechanisms for and limited capacity of women, small holders, old-age, people with disability (PWD), internally displaced people (IDPs) to claim their rights, they have less access to productio... قراءة المزيدn resources, space for voice, negotiation power in the market systems. State of food and nutrition security varies by provinces, ecological belts and gender wise. These groups are disproportionately affected during any kinds of shocks and emergencies. Underlying causes affecting the stated proposition: Agriculture sector is seen as less remunerative and less attractive. The major reasons are of skewed power relation over productive resources especially of land, water, forest to women and disadvantaged groups; land fragmentation and use of agricultural land for other purposes have reduced options to secure access and land rights of people in the value chain. Feminization of agriculture due to young male out-migration. Globalization trend has weakened competitive capacity of Nepalese small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Fragmented policies and inadequate support to the local governments for the localization of policies. Underlying Barriers for Achieving the Stated Proposition: • The major underlying cause of the food and nutrition insecurity are of lack of access to production inputs by the farming population in specific the small-holders; • The priority given to certain staple crops such as rice, maize, millet, buckwheat, wheat, oat. The food items related to livestock, fisheries, forest-based products are yet to get priorities; • There are indigenous caste and ethnicities have no legal ownership of production resources, access to regular employment and income opportunities; • Geographical inaccessibility that restricts the food supply systems being equitable for all. Actions for three years: • Mapping of marginalized and poverty areas and identification of food insecure groups, communities and areas for preparing targeted policies, plans and investments; • Documentation of the land which can be used for food production and study on the possibility for enhancing productivity; • Modernization of agricultural production system and use of technologies that are women-friendly; • Diversify production system with expansion of forest-based and agricultural commodities; • Documentation of organic production and commodities produced by the indigenous communities and their marketing; • Enhancing capacity of the women and farmers involved in agriculture. • Develop programs to improve healthy food consumption behavior including breast feedings; • Develop system to fix the wage rate for agriculture laborer; and • Distribute below poverty level card (BPL) to provide reservation of services to population below poverty. Assessing the success of Action: Roles and Responsibilities of governments and other stakeholders: • Federal government is expected to play role of defining policies that enhance equitable access to production inputs, facilitate investments specially in research and promotion of technologies that are appropriate to women farmers, small holders and in post-production chains that can create opportunity for employment and incomes for women, youth and local communities; • Provincial government is expected to support in establishment of food-based industries, diversify and commercialize local food products, promote processing related technological developments and create opportunities for employment, income and better livelihoods of women, youth and local communities; • Local governments are responsible for devising and implementing local targeted policies and programmes; • Development partners support to disaster affected communities in food relief as well as post-disaster support programs. قراءة القليل

Discussion Topic AT5: Building resilience to vulnerabilities, shocks, and stresses Context: Current food system is under pressure from climate crisis, conflict, COVID-19 pandemics, economic shocks, natural disasters and environmental degradation, including food price hikes and disease-pests outbreaks. These shocks, stress and disaster can be devastating for poor and vulnerable people, who have limited resources and options. Climate induced and other natural disasters have significant impact on national economy. Lately, COVID-19 has contributed to increase unemployment, poverty and vulnerabilit... قراءة المزيدy including loss of livelihoods. The 2015 Earthquake increased number of food insecure people by 3.5 million. Therefore, building resilience means helping individuals, households and communities to mitigate, cope with and recover from shocks and stresses, so that they can become even better off than before. Underlying causes affecting the stated proposition: Natural and climate induced disasters; high post-production losses; weak supply chain; pandemics (COVID-19) and other epidemics. Economic shocks, like food price hikes and income losses due to pandemics and disasters. Climate induced natural disasters are increasing more than before due to haphazard road constructions, improper infrastructure development and accelerated process of urbanizations. Limited investment on R&D to reduce vulnerability and build resilience. Farmers and stakeholders lack adequate incentives for climate initiatives and green agriculture. High post-production losses, unsafe transportation and weak supply chain resulting in inadequate/late access of safe food in affordable prices for marginal, poor and low income groups. Epidemics/pandemic (such as diarrhea, COVID-19, etc) have increased vulnerability of poor, women, and marginalized households. Improper food habits with poor feeding practices. Poor, landless, and marginalized groups have settlements in vulnerable places (river banks, landslide prone areas). Preparation and readiness arrangements are weak. Underlying Barriers for Achieving the Stated Proposition: • Fragile geology and topography leading to frequent occurrence of disaster events • Different types of political conflicts and instability • High probability of the occurrence of different types of disasters • Subsistence type of production system not modernized and commercialized. • Lack of incentive in production and no assurance of market and price • Practice of land remaining fallow and rapid migration Actions for the next 3 years: • Development of disaster early warning system and its effective implementation • Develop climate and environment friendly production system including seed and production inputs • Appropriate use of food bank and land bank • Scientific management of land • Planned settlement and resettlement program management for disaster prone areas and affected people • Disaster resilient development programs and infrastructure development • Full compliance of building codes • Therapeutic and Supplementary feeding in Emergencies. Assessing the success of Action: • Continuous monitoring and supervision • Data and input collection from the grass root level • Food security monitoring system development and implementation • Carryout survey and research to identify vulnerable communities and households • Establish reporting mechanism for disasters and shocks • Proper use of ICT (in social media responsive) in reporting • Coordination among different tiers of the government. Collaboration and Roles/responsibilities of 3 tiers Government and other Actors: • Analysis and full implementation of the existing policies and strategies by federal, provincial and local governments • Localize the food sovereignty and food security (with clear roles and responsibilities) • Ensuring market and prices of agri-foods by federal and provincial govt. • Establish food banks and empowering farmers to grow more foods • Incentive to farmers on production basis by provincial and local govt. • Disaster resilient development/ land and food safety first federal and provincial govt. • Taking govt programs to those who are in real need and vulnerable قراءة القليل

Discussion Topic AT6: Right to Food and Food Sovereignty Act-a legal framework for sustainable food systems in Nepal Context: Nepal has developed legal framework to ensure good governance of food systems and transform them. The right to food and food sovereignty is enshrined in the constitution, and the government has given priority to ensure safe and nutritious food to all in a sustainable manner. The Right to Food and Food Sovereignty Act accommodates all ATs and provides as a legal framework for the resilient, equitable and sustainable food systems in Nepal. Underlying causes affecting the ... قراءة المزيدstated proposition: Lack of organized efforts in the implementation of policies. Poor accountability measures on the implementation of laws/policies. Governments, particularly at local levels lack technical capacity to prepare laws and policies. Underlying Barriers to Achieve the Stated Proposition: • Lack of information and awareness about the law. • Lack of effective implementation efforts to preserve the local nutritious food. • Preference to highly processed food. • Food is cross cutting so that cross-cutting mechanism has to be developed. • Provincial and local level guidelines and SOP has not yet been developed. • Youth motivation in agriculture is lacking, very difficult to attract and motivate youths. • More attraction toward migration. Actions for the next 3 years: • Education should be linked with functional skills and capacity to use the skills in the practical life. • Institutional arrangement- establishing marketing centers, mobilizing cooperatives • Leasing land for consolidated farming • Involving academia and expert to the real agricultural work, farm/field could be started in small plot. • Youth motivation programs to be implemented • Local Government should be motivated to implement programs to increase local production and should be prioritized and incentivized. • School feeding can be a transformative activity to make the food system sustainable, local contextual menu must be implemented based on the local production potentialities. • Nutrition education must be promoted and should be interlinked with other subjects as well • Reducing risk associated with the farming, commercial farming, competition with the Indian market • Coordination mechanism to regulate the law and guidelines, strengthen governance and accountability • Gap between the producers and consumer is very big, long supply chain; this long chain increases the cost to the consumer, but on the other hand producer is under paid for their product • Food Bank and its integration with other programs like School feeding and market to book local economy • Effective dissemination and increasing awareness about provisions of the law, • Education should be linked with functional skills and capacity to use the skills in the practical life • Institutional arrangement - establishing marketing centers, mobilizing cooperatives • Leasing for consolidated farming • Interlinking academia /expert to the real agriculture work/ farm/ field, could be started in small scale • Underutilized crops (like stinking needle Sisno) to be further utilized and strategized for that • Mobilizing /sharing farmers local knowledge and skills in the agriculture • Community /cooperative and government collaboration food bank and seed could be integrated in the food bank • Corporate Social responsibly of Business and private sector to be linked to strengthen food system and university Assessing the success of Action: • Linkages with university for monitoring and evaluation • Effectives of utilizing the expertise of the universities • Increased investments in the research • Human Rights Monitoring • Partners’ assessment Roles and Responsibilities of the Governments and Other Stakeholders/Actors: • Three tiers of governments need to organize frequent dialogues • Community /cooperative and government collaboration food bank and seed could be integrated in the food bank • Three tiers of governments and their planning institutions need to be strengthened • Create institutional mechanism (as provisioned made in the law) to implement the Act and Regulation قراءة القليل

There was no marked observation on the areas of divergence.

Discussion Topic AT 1: Ensure safe and nutritious food for all Context: The cereal grain availability is fluctuating due to variations in production; per capita availability has reached from 194 Kg (2001/02) to 237 Kg (2017/18); 48.2% households are food secure, whereas 10% are severely food insecure. Percentage of severely food insecure households are more in rural areas (11.7%) than in urban (8.8%), the percentage is highest in Karnali Province (17.5%) followed by Sudurpaschim (13%) and Province-2 (10.7%). Situation of nutrition has improved over the period of 1996 to 2019: stunting decrease... قراءة المزيدd from 57 to 32%, underweight 42 to 24, and wasting from 15 to 12%. Underlying causes affecting the stated proposition: Locally available nutritious crops/foods getting less importance; biodiversity/cultural diversity not promoted. No focus on micronutrients; poor nutrition including breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices; many families do not have access to nutrient rich foods; growing burden of non-communicable diseases; divergence between nutrition and WASH programmes due to lack of coherence between food security and nutrition sectors. Underlying Barriers for Achieving the Stated Proposition: • Low Institutional and individual capacity • Inadequate availability of sustainable agricultural technologies. • Poor Infrastructure development and availability for storage of crops and foods with high nutritious value. • Less nutritional sensitive and Food safety educational programs and program for social protection. • No support to produce organic food and diversification of food production. • Less priority for agriculture in urban and the promotion of household gardening. • Less knowledge and awareness about the knowledge regarding the values of nutritious food. • Poor and or inadequate understanding of three tiers of government with designated roles to enhance food system competence. Actions for three years: • Promote diversified production system and safe food. • Increase qualified human resources. • Enhance individual capacity, institutional capacity and technological capacity. • Promote sustainable agricultural technologies. • Infrastructural development for storage of crops and foods with high nutritional value • Implement nutritional sensitization and social protection program. • Food safety education and campaign • Encourage organic food, diversified food and fruits • Promote agriculture in urban as well as in rural areas, promote home gardening • Enhance family knowledge regarding the values of nutritious foods • Promote socio-culturally acceptable foods and discourage non-nutritious and junk foods • Capacity building of three levels of the governments • Focus on behavioral aspect, building a system for food security, access to infrastructures and their development • Equitable distribution of food • Invest for sustainable agricultural technology generation • Develop infrastructures such as roads and storage • Conserve and utilize local crops/commodities that have high nutrition • Implement nutrition sensitive social protection programs • Increase education/awareness among the people. • Prioritize specific commodities that have high nutrition such as fruit crops Assessing the success of Action: • Develop strong M&E system • Develop periodic plan of action • Ensure the implementation of plan of action • Develop database and reuse of data • Make ten years plan of action • Develop appropriate indicators to assess the impacts Roles and Responsibilities of governments and other stakeholders: • Policy review and revision related to food system • Socio-economic infrastructure development • The federal, provincial and local governments and private sector to support to enhance access to safe and nutritious foods for all • Collaborate with food system actors • Make strategic policy for marketing and promotion • Collaborate with food industry to ensure the quality of food as a social responsibility • Community empowerment, behavior change, communication and socio-economic empowerment • Promote a farming culture in small land area • Promote awareness of low-cost food and promote low cost high nutritious foods. قراءة القليل

Discussion Topic AT2: Shift to sustainable consumption patterns. Context: About 4.6 million people are food insecure in Nepal; Prevalence of triple burden of malnutrition-under nutrition, overweight/ obesity, and micronutrient deficiency. Stunting, wasting and low weight in children contributing to 52 percent of child mortality; obesity among children and adolescents has increased by 29 times in the past four decades; women and children also suffer from some of the world’s highest levels of vitamin and mineral deficiencies. Underlying causes affecting the stated proposition: Change in dietar... قراءة المزيدy pattern characterized by two-meal-rice (per capita rice consumption increased by nearly 70% in 50 years). Dietary shift towards unhealthy processed foods high in saturated and trans-fat, salt and sugar neglecting nutritious indigenous crop-based foods. Increase in fat intake in diet and undernutrition in childhood has coincided with increased overweight/ obesity and other Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD); over two-thirds of adolescent girls in both rural and urban areas reported consuming sugary foods. Consumption of foods produced by using high dose chemical fertilizers and pesticides; items, such as biscuits, instant noodles and juice drinks may be supplying about a quarter of energy intake of children <2 years, which is lowering their intake of essential vitamins and minerals. Underlying Barriers for attaining the Stated Propositions: • Weak market monitoring system for food • Food labelling not practiced properly. • Only half of the population receiving minimum diet diversity (52 percent) • High sugar, salt, and fat consumption. • Urbanization, different type of topography • Migration and land fragmentation • High use of insecticide and pesticide • Horlicks, Viva and packaged food consumption is increasing. • Local paddy exporting trend and use of polished rice increasing. • Local chicken and whey disappearing, and it is replaced by Soft drink and noodles • Third country migration, over digitalization and consumption behavior changing. • Ginger and turmeric farming almost disappear. • Shortfall of labor for production and value chain activities • Plenty of opportunity for agro-forestry, agro-tourism, and agro-industry • Urbanization and increasing access to unhealthy foods with expanding commercial marketing • Some communities still consuming roots and tubers available in the forests (e.g. Chepang) Action for three years: • Follow diversified cropping pattern. • Promote postproduction diversity. • Developing a programme on food consumption behavior. • Promote safe food, Developing a program on food consumption behavior • Promote agro-forestry product, fish farming, bee farming, napier grass, pineapple farming • Develop land use policy for agriculture, industry and human settlement • Develop database by land type, food security, production and consumption • Increase utilization of fallow land • Develop system to fix the wage of laborers • Distribute below poverty level (BPL) card for reservation of services to population living below poverty • Engage people under below poverty in conservation programs (e.g. riverbank protection) • Promote education program on breast feeding to children Assessing the success of Action: • Availability of Provincial Land Act • Availability of land and other socio-economic data base. • Availability of regulation to promote healthy food and discourage the sale and distribution of unhealthy foods with high sugar, salt and fat Roles and Responsibilities of governments and other stakeholders: • Establish Provincial Health, Social Development and Education Authority • Provincial govt should provide Below Poverty Level card /social scheme card • Local government should implement awareness raising programs قراءة القليل

Discussion Topic AT3: Boost nature-positive food production at scale Context: Increased biodiversity losses, deforestation and land degradation are major problems. One third of agricultural lands are fallow and degraded, and a large portion are converted to settlements and infrastructure. Poverty has forced households in forest and pastureland encroachment. Production of major staples and commercial vegetables in some pockets has caused excessive mining of soil nutrients, water depletion and agrochemical pollution. Food habits mostly towards rice and wheat have led to a narrow dietary diversit... قراءة المزيدy; this has resulted in loss of traditional crops and indigenous knowledge. Underlying causes affecting the stated proposition: Dependency on imported crop varieties is increasing with lack of site-specific food production; lack of production in broader landscape/agroecosystem level. Lack of land utilization policy and plans have promoted rapid conversion of fertile agriculture lands into settlements and other non-agriculture use. Disappearance of indigenous food system; rural out-migration; inadequate capacity development of farmers; lack of agriculture mechanization. Underlying Barriers for Achieving the Stated Proposition: • Climate change Impacts resulting extreme disaster events • Inadequate investment and lack of technical capability • Lack of act and poor implementation of the existing acts and regulations (e.g. land use act & right to food & food sovereignty act) • Conversion of productive agricultural lands into non agri purpose • Reclamation of Unutilized degraded land (92,000 ha in the Bagmati province) and they can be made available for food production • Haphazard use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers leading mainly in commercial production pockets. • Poor economic efficiency of farming • Climate change and associated factors • No assured markets for diversified food products • Inadequate value chain development for safe food and organic products • Less diversification of agricultural production, poor marketing of agri products, no premium price for local land races/indigenous crops/commodities and no development of value chain of such commodities • Unplanned urbanization and preference for ready-made foods • Lack of nature positive innovation and technology development • Poor food governance (price, quality, nutritive value, research with farmers) Actions for the next 3 years: • Conservation of bio-diversity (organic agriculture, conservation agriculture, environment friendly agriculture, zero budget, permaculture) • Policy and programs for incentivizing in the cultivation of fallow land • Encourage land consolidation for cooperative and group farming employing land use policy • Integrated/joint programming and implementation by three tiers of governments • Ensuring markets and developing value chains for indigenous crops and production systems • Increase research on climate adaptive and mitigative type of technologies development • Develop nature positive production system and encourage farmers to adopt such technologies • Emphasize integrated agriculture system Assessing the success of Action: • M&E system developed involving multi-stakeholder, mechanism developed for collection, processing and utilization of information • Transformed land area (from forest and others) used for food production • Statistics on the area under organic and safe food production, productivity • Certification of ecological agriculture • Rehabilitation of fallow and degraded lands and their area • Wider awareness on food nutrition, food loss and waste • Regulation developed for ecological agriculture and effective implementation of Food rights Act Roles and Responsibilities of 3 tiers Governments & other Stakeholders: • Federal Government to facilitate in policy, acts and regulations formulation and implementation, monitoring and statistics, fixation of Minimum Support Price (MSP) • Provincial Government to develop M&E system, generate provincial level statistics, program implementation, MSP implementation and certification. • Local Government to implement program, M& E, resource allocation and management قراءة القليل

Government of Nepal, National Planning Commission (NPC), organized the provincial Food Systems Dialogue of Bagmati Province on 24th June 2021 on the theme Nepal towards an equitable, resilient and sustainable food system. National Convenor and Member of National Planning Commission Hon Dr. Krishna Prasad Oli delivered welcome and opening remarks. He stressed on the need for collective efforts from all the sectors in the process to transform food system and committed to contribute for transformation. Dr. Matina Baidhya Joshi, Secretary, Ministry of Land Management, Agriculture and Cooperatives ... قراءة المزيد(MoLMAC) and Provincial Dialogue Curator curated the dialogues. Major focus of the dialogue was to engage stakeholders for a comprehensive exploration of food systems in Nepal as part of the process for the UN Food Systems Summit 2021. The specific objectives of the dialogue were to; • raise awareness and promote public discussion on the food systems, • examine current situation and identify key aspects of Nepalese food systems, such as the drivers, actions, pathways, and • explore opportunities for food system to make it equitable, sustainable and resilient. Total of 90 participants attended the event representing different stakeholder groups, background, institutions, and professions. In order to generate focused dialogues and collect the specific inputs, participants were assigned to respective Action Track (AT) Groups after a brief opening session in the plenary. The AT coordinators, facilitators, co-facilitators, and rapporteurs facilitated the dialogue process and documented the discussion outcomes. Each AT Group had proposition and reference questions to engage in dialogue and provide inputs as follows: AT 1 Proposition: Increased agriculture productivity and develop sustainable food chain for affordable safe, healthy, and nutritious diet to improve levels of nutrition, ensure all people to be well nourished and healthy and achieve zero hunger. AT2 Proposition: Enabling, inspiring and motivating people to enjoy healthy and sustainable consumption options; Slashing food loss and waste; and transitioning to a circular economy through advancing in technological, environmental, economic, social, regulatory, and institutional fronts. AT3 Proposition: Protect natural ecosystems from new deforestation and conversion for food and feed production; manage sustainably existing food production systems; restore degraded ecosystems and rehabilitate soil function for sustainable food production. AT4 Proposition: Developing inclusive and diverse food systems that contribute to the elimination of poverty and food and nutrition insecurity by creating jobs, raising incomes across food value chains; protecting and enhancing cultural and social capital; reducing risks for the poorest and increasing value distribution. AT5 Proposition: Developing inclusive and equitable food systems to ensure that all people within a food system are empowered to prepare for, withstand, and recover from instability and participate in a food system that, despite shocks and stressors, delivers food security, nutrition, and equitable livelihoods for all. AT6: Referring to the overarching legal document developed based on the constitutional provision, Right to Food and Food Sovereignty Act (2018), is considered as a legal framework. Hence, this Act and related policies are the key to strengthen food system governance and accountability and transform food system that is resilient, equitable and sustainable. Dialogue reference questions: Following 5 questions were presented to the participants to facilitate the dialogue: 1. What are the underlying causes/ barriers for achieving the stated proposition? 2. What are the key drivers of unsustainable food system? 3. What actions in the next 3 years will have greatest impact on the Discussion Topic? 4. How will it be possible to tell if these actions are being successful? 5. What are the role and responsibilities of the food system actors including those of the federal, provincial, and local Governments in sustainable food system transformation in Nepal? قراءة القليل

The provincial dialogue provided opportunity to engage participants from different agencies, sectors, and disciplines including the government, academia, researcher, farmers’ organization, civil societies and private sectors from different parts of the country. During the dialogue, critical discussions were held to examine the provincial food systems to understand potential causes/barriers and drivers and generate ideas to decide bold actions for the next 3 years. Indeed, this will be further verified and refined after the feedback from the Provincial, and second and third national dialogues... قراءة المزيد. Five Action Tracks and one cross cutting lever of change were the Discussion Topics. Following the constitutional provision, cross cutting lever of change was selected as the Right to Food and Food Sovereignty Act as a legal framework for the sustainable food system in Nepal. Hence, six groups rigorously discussed on these topics following the ATs propositions and reference questions mentioned in Section A above. Relevant officials of the Government of Nepal had chaired the groups, while the thematic experts from the government and non-government sectors had facilitated the discussions, and designated rapporteurs from different agencies had documented the discussion points. Whole exercise was concluded with big team efforts. The dialogue also collected some learning to reflect impression and work further on as following: 1. Some participants were new to virtual meetings (attending the session using online platform to participate in specific groups); 2. Less numbers of participants from industries and value chains (actors). 3. The issues were well understood by the participants, which were common for some of the ATs. Drivers of change and actions mentioned were also common to some tracks. 4. There was a common understanding among the working groups about the role and responsibilities of the three spheres of the government in Nepal, in terms of formulating policies, regulations, education, and their implementation. Participants suggested to draw clear delineation of the roles and responsibilities of the three spheres of government. 5. There was strong commitment from the stakeholders to address the issues of access to food, nutrition, distribution and effective implementation of policies and regulations. Overall, participants had actively engaged in different groups to exchange and share ideas and potential actions for analyzing and improving the Nepalese food system in general and provincial food system in particular. Some potential and emerging issues were identified and validated; the dialogue was also helpful in raising awareness and elevating public discussion on key food system issues and identify potential options and solutions for making food system inclusive, resilient and sustainable (refer Section C below). قراءة القليل

El grupo coincidió en la necesidad de: •Es necesario modificar el catálogo sectorial de puestos de la Secretaría de Salud no tenemos un eje rector exclusivo de nutrición, eso es urgente porque el tema es transversal, y en toda la línea de vida. Así mismo, se debe de dar una buena paga a estos profesionales. •Se necesita ofrecer alternativas saludables con base en los alimentos locales de la región. •Llegar a un consenso de lo que es la alimentación saludable, justa y sostenible para tener un marco de referencia, para que se pueda hablar de lo mismo. •Se debe de fortalecer, apoy... قراءة المزيدar, y proteger los mecanismos y programas ya existentes (por ejemplo, programas de bienestar o las acciones de orientación y educación alimentaria de DIF). •Trabajar más en los hogares vulnerables, impulsar la fortificación de los alimentos a gran escala, inseguridad alimentaria, falta de servicios de atención a la salud. •Fortalecer la información, de los cuidados prenatales, la lactancia materna, la preparación de los familiares y tutores para poder educar en hábitos alimenticios. •Realizar una mayor vigilancia y educación a los profesionales que atienden en los centros de salud y hospitales para evitar la promoción de los sucedáneos de leche materna. •Regulación legal y valorar la necesidad de sacar del mercado los alimentos que contienen sustancias dañinas y peligrosas •Falta una mejor orientación en temas de alimentación saludable. Sería recomendable que los nutriólogos tuvieran una capacitación en educación y no solo en salud. •Los mitos que permean entre las madres y embarazadas respecto a la alimentación y en la forma de darles comida siguen siendo muy arraigados y muchas veces basados en alimentos ultra procesados. Desaprender sobre los malos hábitos alimentarios que se inculcaron desde hace décadas, ayudará a tener un un cambio de mentalidad en los adultos para causar un impacto que logre modificar los malos hábitos en una alimentación saludable y sostenible. •La geografía estatal es una barrera significativa para la alimentación saludable, puesto que puede hacer difícil el acceso a alimentos nutritivos a la población que vive en zonas alejadas. Es muy importante mejorar los alcances de logística y el acceso a alimentos saludables y regionales, así como lo ha hecho la iniciativa privada. •Organizar una nueva estructura social, especialmente para madres trabajadoras es difícil sobre todo por la falta de tiempo en su vida cotidiana. El cambio de comportamiento en la rutina diaria de las madres trabajadoras es un gran reto. •Primordialmente, se debe tener una muy buena educación y atención tanto emocional, •Los sectores cuya participación goza de mayor influencia, son los correspondientes a salud, educación y el agroalimentario, siendo el sector salud la punta de lanza al respecto, buscando además un involucramiento positivo de los los medios de comunicación. •Se debe sensibilizar no sólo a los entes de la estructura estatal sino desde la estructura familiar, los padres deben mostrar interés por la alimentación de sus hijas e hijos y la suya propia. •Promover, respetar y crear espacios para la lactancia materna. •Los entornos que se identifican para apoyar la adecuada alimentación durante los 1000 días son los centros de trabajo, hospitales y espacios donde hay publicidad. Se relacionó directamente con la necesidad de establecer regulaciones o normativas, por ejemplo: la presencia de lactarios entre otras medidas como las licencias de maternidad y paternidad; la regulación de todos los espacios de publicidad y promociones incluidos los espacios digitales y la implementación de un etiquetado como el que indica la NOM051 para los alimentos y bebidas en general. En general se debería llegar a hacer cumplir el Código Internacional de comercialización de sucedáneos de la leche materna (LM), incluyendo las acciones de vigilancia y sanciones que establece. •Otro punto en el que se hizo énfasis reiteradamente fue la necesidad de un abordaje multisectorial y por tanto de unificar esquemas de atención/ creación de entornos más saludables para apoyar esta etapa de los 1000 días. También dejar de pensar solo desde el nivel nacional y hacerlo también a nivel estatal y municipal. •En esencia, se requiere de una política permanente de atención a los 1000 primeros días, que no termine con el sexenio, y que reconozca como derecho humano a la lactancia materna y para la que se deben garantizar las condiciones para ejercer este derecho. •Las estrategias deben enfocarse en intervenciones a largo plazo para lograr un cambio de comportamiento sostenido, ya que es la única manera de lograr un cambio en los hábitos alimentarios. •Las estrategias deben planearse, ejecutarse y medirse, a través de un esfuerzo interinstitucional conjunto de los planes y políticas públicas, además de trabajar de manera coordinada con los líderes comunitarios y las redes sociales para promover soluciones a los problemas nutricionales, de tal manera que haya una participación concertada y activa. •La capacitación a los agentes de cambio, a los líderes comunitarios así como a los demás eslabones de la cadena en habilidades educativas, de consulta y comunicación en la comunidad, para que las experiencias puedan ser replicadas y reconocidas en otros contextos, es fundamental para el éxito en la implementación de las estrategias. قراءة القليل

1. Estrategias de cambio de comportamiento asertivas para una alimentación saludable, justa y sostenible durante los primeros 1000 días de vida . ¿Qué modificaciones consideran que se deberían hacer para mejorar la alimentación desde la concepción hasta los dos primeros años de vida para lograr que sea saludable, justa y sostenible? •Verificar o reforzar las pláticas, guías a las madres, padre de familia. Revisión de los programas actuales y fortalecimiento de los mismos. •Trabajar más en los hogares vulnerables. •El Sector Salud debe ser la primera entidad gubernamental mult... قراءة المزيدidisciplinaria en la atención a la madre, de modo que pueda hablarle de temas álgidos como la lactancia y para ello debe mejorarse la orientación que se imparte actualmente. ¿Qué retos y barreras identifican en el núcleo de cuidados para promover un cambio de comportamiento que favorezca una alimentación saludable desde la concepción hasta los dos primeros años de vida? •Se debe trabajar más en la comunidad en general, haciendo la distinción por edades, para que la información llegue a los padres y madres de familia que son los formadores de hábitos. •Campaña donde se sensibilice a las futuras madres para que tengan una alimentación sana. •Hacer que la alimentación perceptiva algo que se sostenga con el tiempo. Con la pandemia ha sido difícil mantener la alimentación que existía en la casa. ¿Qué retos y barreras identifican a nivel de la sociedad para promover un cambio de comportamiento para favorecer una alimentación saludable desde la concepción hasta los dos primeros años de vida? •Desmitificar el tema de la alimentación saludable, porque se piensa que es difícil una buena alimentación •Hacer una sinergia con las empresas para que aquellas que produzcan alimentos saludables puedan ser más visibles •Los sellos son importantes, pero también sacar del mercado los alimentos que no sólo no son sanos, sino que llegan a ser dañinos •Otra limitante, es la geografía estatal. En algunas zonas no hay consumo de ciertos alimentos o productos porque el acceso es limitado, aunque se tenga el recurso para comprarlo. •Prejuicios entorno al cuerpo femenino y al proceso de amamantar. •Condiciones de vida precarias en el trabajo •Se requiere que los centros de trabajo cuenten con personal de salud capacitado para orientar a la madre, así como una guardería para garantizar la lactancia materna. ¿Qué intervenciones anteriores o soluciones innovadoras y transformadoras identifican para promover un cambio de comportamiento para una alimentación saludable, justa y sostenible desde la concepción hasta los dos primeros años de vida? ¿Cuáles serían las tres acciones de mayor prioridad? •Cambio de paradigma, y que los ultraprocesados sean más caros y difíciles de conseguir. •Algo importante son los medios, la iniciativa privada y que las instituciones gubernamentales garanticen la regulación. •Cambiar hábitos en cuanto a alimentación y educación física, seguir en contacto con los padres de familia. •Hay que vincular la atención psicológica con la emocional. •Difusión masiva sobre técnicas en la preparación de alimentación, técnicas culinarias, habilidades culinarias etc, para tener varias opciones en la preparación de platillos con un mismo producto. •Programa de educación para ambos padres de familia. •Procedimientos de gestión para consejeros, promotores de salud, actores individuales e institucionales, basados en el enfoque participativo. ¿Qué sectores consideran que deberían liderar y participar en el diseño y la implementación de las acciones de cambio de comportamiento para mejorar la alimentación desde la concepción hasta los dos primeros años de vida? ¿Cuál debería ser el rol de esas instituciones? •Se considera que todas las personas tienen que estar involucrados. Sin embargo, el sector salud y educativo son los que preponderantemente tienen que llevar la batuta como se ha estado haciendo, e incluirse al sector agroalimentario en esta ecuación. Actualmente se vive con escasez de agua y de alimentos, y el trabajo conjunto de Salud, Educación y Agricultura será crucial para poder afrontar los problemas derivados de alimentos que requieren agua. قراءة القليل

2. Servicios de salud y nutrición esenciales durante los primeros 1000 días de vida. ¿Qué servicios de salud y nutrición se deberían proporcionar desde la concepción hasta los dos primeros años de vida? •Vacunación. •Consejería en lactancia materna. •Suplementación. •Asesoría sobre alimentación complementaria •Tamiz neonatal y metabólico ampliado. •Recuperar guarderías, con nutriólogos. •Servicio de salud con licenciados en nutrición. •Concepción con mayor acercamiento en la etapa de embarazo, que el personal de salud explique y capacite sobre las consecuencia... قراءة المزيدs de las fórmulas infantiles, así como aplicar y capacitar sobre la importancia de prácticas como el apego inmediato, el corte retardado del cordón umbilical para prevenir anemia. •Servicios dirigidos a ambos padres y madres. ¿Qué retos y barreras identifican para la adecuada provisión de servicios de salud y nutrición para garantizar la atención integral de los primeros 1000 días de vida? ¿Qué ser-vicios identifican que se ha quedado más rezagados en los últimos años y a raíz de la pandemia? Retos: •Vacunación •Prueba capilar de anemia •Seguimiento postparto de la madre y el niño •Carencia de medicamentos •Falta de suplementación •Educación alimentaria •Atención a niños desnutridos •Tenemos pocos hospitales y pocos medicamentos, no se ha podido atender a toda la población, se queda a un lado nuestro derecho a una alimentación saludable. •Ante el reto de la regionalidad, se pidió mayor compromiso y respeto con médicos tradicionales para conjuntar saberes, haciéndolos aliados para mejorar la nutrición. Barreras: •Lingüística •Personal poco capacitado y sensibilizado con un enfoque intercultural •Falta de recursos para el primer nivel •Falta de recursos humanos •Politización de los servicios. •Durante el Diálogo se pidió fortalecer las capacidades del personal de salud y sus habilidades de comunicación, con respeto de la pluriculturalidad propia de México, para ello se propuso que se mejoren los currículums en temas de nutrición y alimentación del personal de salud. ¿Qué intervenciones anteriores o soluciones innovadoras y transformadoras en los ser-vicios de salud identifican para incidir en la disminución de la mala nutrición desde la concepción hasta los dos primeros años de vida? ¿Cuáles consideran que serían las tres acciones de mayor prioridad? •En general es necesario sensibilizar tanto a tomadores de decisiones como a profesionales de la salud sobre la importancia de la nutrición en esta etapa de la vida •Es necesario tener protocolos de servicios de salud para situaciones de emergencia como la pandemia para que no vuelva a afectar los servicios dirigidos a los primeros 1000 días. Tomando en cuenta el esquema de suplementación de micronutrimentos que se ha utilizado en el país, por ejemplo, en el programa PROSPERA, ¿considera que se debería retomar la suplementación de micronutrientes y ser así de qué manera? •Sí es necesario tener un esquema de suplementación para esta etapa, sin embargo se podría diseñar un esquema más simplificado diseñado por expertos, por ejemplo: a) Ácido fólico para mujeres en edad reproductiva; b) Tabletas con múltiples nutrimentos para mujeres embarazadas y en periodo de lactancia; c) Fortificación casera de alimentos (chispitas) para niños y niñas mayores de 6 meses; y d) Alimentos complementarios fortificados, sin azúcar y que no sean ultraprocesados. ¿Qué sectores consideran que deberían liderar y participar en el diseño y la implementación de las acciones desde los servicios de salud y nutrición para mejorar la alimentación desde la concepción hasta los dos primeros años de vida? ¿Cuál debería ser el rol de esas instituciones? •Salud para la promoción y el diseño de la alimentación nutritiva. Se pidió unificar los criterios de los servicios de salud y de IMSS bienestar, (homogeneizar los protocolos). •Educativo para la atención a la primera infancia y nutrición comunitaria. •Agricultura. •INPI para involucrar a los pueblos indígenas originarios, sector con situación de vulnerabilidad. •Poder legislativo. قراءة القليل

3. Producción y acceso de alimentos saludables, justos y sostenibles para niños menores de 2 años, con énfasis en programas de protección social y fortificación de alimentos básicos . ¿Qué modificaciones consideran que se deberían hacer para mejorar la alimentación desde la concepción hasta los dos primeros años de vida para lograr que sea saludable, justa y sostenible? •La promoción de la lactancia materna exclusiva hasta los 6 meses de vida y complementaria hasta los 2 años o más, ya que no todos los padres lo saben. •Es importante la educación alimentaria en las mujeres... قراءة المزيد embarazadas y en madres en general. •Importancia del fortalecimiento de la alimentación en el consumo de frutas y verduras frescas, en todos los niveles socioeconómicos. ¿Qué barreras identifican que impiden el acceso a alimentos saludables, justos y sostenibles desde la concepción hasta los dos primeros años de vida, incluyendo la promoción de la lactancia materna en contraposición a las fórmulas lácteas? ¿Qué soluciones proponen para vencer estas barreras? •La mayoría de las mujeres trabajan y por la falta de tiempo toman decisiones sobre las alternativas que son más rápidas y poco nutritivas. •Es difícil acceder a alimentos saludables mientras que los no nutritivos se encuentran prácticamente en cada esquina. •Tener alimentos con bajo costo que cumplan con los requerimientos nutricionales. •Planificación de salas de lactancia en espacios públicos. •Buscar programas que puedan apoyar brindando alimentos a familias de bajos. •Las diferencias de los retos en la zona urbana y en la zona rural respecto a acceso a alimentos. •Evitar el uso de fórmulas lácteas y promoción de la lactancia materna considerando el bajo costo que esta implica. ¿Qué prácticas se podrían mejorar para evitar deficiencias de micronutrimentos en mujeres embarazadas y niños menores de 2 años (además de promover, proteger y apoyar la lactancia materna)? ¿Considera que la fortificación de alimentos es una opción para mejorar la adecuación de micronutrientes en este grupo y cómo se debería llevar a cabo? •Desmitificar aprendizajes (usos y costumbres) sobre ciertos alimentos para las mujeres embarazadas, no requieren gastar en suplementos, ya que los alimentos los contienen. •Es una opción cuando las condiciones del entorno dificultan el acceso a los alimentos naturales y entonces es necesario buscar la fortificación. •Concientizar a los padres de familia para que los niños acepten los grupos de alimentos que aporten los micronutrientes. •Orientación para el bien comer de las madres (saber qué comer). •Políticas públicas para dar el mensaje de que las mujeres son el eje para la nutrición y prevención de enfermedades de las personas menores. En términos de infraestructura, recursos humanos, sensibilización y presupuesto, ¿qué hace falta para vincular los programas de protección social y de emergencia dirigidos a mujeres embarazadas, en periodo de lactancia y niños y niñas de 0 a 2 años, con la entrega de alimentos saludables y sostenibles y cuáles son los retos? ¿Cuáles serían tres acciones de mayor prioridad? •Instauración de padrones con población objetivo + sensibilización en municipios para la contratación de un nutriólogo + aportación de recursos financieros para llegar a los puntos de entrega. • Falta de capacitadores y atención de calidad a las mujeres embarazadas. • Falta de presupuesto. • Ausencia de nutriólogos y profesionales de la salud que puedan difundir el mensaje. • Sensibilización a los padres de familia y a la comunidad en general. • Revisión de las etiquetas por parte del sector salud para los alimentos procesados. ¿Qué sectores consideran que deberían liderar y participar en las acciones para mejorar la producción y el acceso a alimentos saludables, justos y sostenibles para mejorar la alimentación desde la concepción hasta los dos primeros años de vida? ¿Cuál debería ser el rol de esas instituciones? •La aproximación debe ser por sectores poblacionales. Las abuelas, que también son cuidadoras, han aportado recetas nutritivas, justas y saludables. قراءة القليل

4. Políticas y normatividad que favorecen entornos para la alimentación saludable, justa y sostenible durante los primeros 1000 días de vida. ¿Qué modificaciones consideran que se deberían hacer para mejorar la alimentación desde la concepción hasta los dos primeros años de vida para lograr que sea saludable, justa y sostenible? •Que se apruebe la Ley de derecho a la alimentación. •Políticas específicas para pueblos indígenas. •Adaptar los mensajes que se generan a nivel central, a la realidad de las personas. ¿Qué retos y barreras identifican para mejorar las políticas p... قراءة المزيدara lograr entornos favorables a la adecuada alimentación y nutrición desde la concepción hasta los dos primeros años de vida? •Oposición de la industria de productos ultraporcesados. •Una barrera es la cultural de las madres y padres. •Hacer concientización de la leche materna, sobre todo a la madre de familia. •La difusión del etiquetado frontal, que llegue a todos los rincones del país. •La falta de espacios como los lactarios para apoyar a las mujeres en periodo de LM y en algunos casos la dificultad de empresas o instituciones para cumplir con los estándares mínimos. ¿Qué entornos consideran prioritarios intervenir para favorecer la adecuada alimentación y nutrición desde la concepción hasta los 2 años de edad? (Por ejemplo, hospitales, centros de trabajo, guarderías, escuelas, etc.). •Hospitales y centros de salud. •Entornos comunitarios. •En las guarderías y las escuelas que dan alimentos a los niños y niñas. •En el ámbito laboral es muy importante que los directivos tengan la sensibilidad y conocimiento de la importancia de la lactancia materna. •El entorno educativo e informativo en hospitales y centros de salud. ¿Qué normativas se necesitan crear, mejorar o implementar para lograr entornos favorables a la alimentación y nutrición desde la concepción hasta los 2 años de edad? ¿Cuáles serían tres elementos necesarios de normar de mayor prioridad? •Más allá de normativas sueltas, se requiere de una política permanente de atención a los 1000 primeros días, que no termine con el sexenio, y que reconozca como derecho humano a la lactancia materna. Las regulaciones o normativas específicas que se mencionaron estuvieron relacionadas directamente con los entornos identificados a modificar: •Creación de la Ley de Salud Alimentaria para Niños y Niñas. •Implementación de lactarios en los centros de trabajo, entre otras medidas como las licencias de maternidad y paternidad más extendidas. •La regulación de todos los espacios de publicidad y promociones incluidos los espacios digitales y la implementación de un etiquetado como el que indica la NOM051 para los alimentos y bebidas en general. •Modificar el Reglamento de la Ley General de Salud en Materia de Publicidad así como la NOM-131 Productos y servicios. Fórmulas para lactantes, de continuación y para necesidades especiales de nutrición. Alimentos y bebidas no alcohólicas para lactantes y niños de corta edad. Disposiciones y especificaciones sanitarias y nutrimentales. Etiquetado y métodos de prueba y retomar los avances del Proyecto de NOM-050-SSA2-2018, Para el fomento, protección y apoyo a la lactancia materna. •En general se debería llegar a hacer cumplir el Código Internacional de comercialización de sucedáneos de la LM, incluyendo las acciones de vigilancia y sanciones que establece. ¿Qué sectores consideran que deberían liderar las políticas para transformar los entornos alimentarios para mejorar la alimentación desde la concepción hasta los dos primeros años de vida? ¿Cuál debería ser el rol de esas instituciones? •El sector salud de la mano con el estado y la sociedad civil, que participen en la elaboración de políticas públicas alimentarias a través de conjunto de programas, proyectos y acciones orientadas a garantizar el derecho humano a la alimentación los primeros días de vida. •Sector académico (universidades o institutos nacionales). •Se debe de aprovechar la estructura y el área geográfica que abarcan tanto Secretaría de Salud, como Secretaría de Educación para concientizar a las familias. قراءة القليل

•Algunos participantes consideraban que el sector salud y el sector educativo son los que deberían de liderar las políticas, mientras que otros participantes consideraban que diversos sectores deberían de liderar de acuerdo a sus atribuciones. •Se comentó sobre la importancia de un enfoque preventivo, pero también hubo opiniones sobre la necesidad de la focalización y consideración de la estacionalidad de la dieta para tener intervenciones precisas cuando la dieta no provee suficientes micronutrientes.

El objetivo del Diálogo fue identificar y discutir las principales barreras y soluciones para que los sistemas alimentarios hagan sinergia con otros sistemas (salud y saneamiento, educación, protección social) en favor de la adecuada alimentación y nutrición desde los primeros mil días de vida, considerando a partir de la concepción hasta los 2 años de edad.

Action Track 4: Advance equitable livelihoods Similar to other countries, Indonesian farmers are aging. The development of food agriculture cannot move quickly considering there is a tendency for old farmers to find it difficult to accept new knowledge and technology to increase productivity. The financial institutions and banks are also not interested in working in this agricultural sector. As a result, farmers have difficulty getting credit to develop their businesses. At the same time, not many young people are interested in working in agriculture because it does not provide them with a bet... قراءة المزيدter economic future. As mentioned in AT 3, land conversion is an issue. There is a growing perception that the agricultural sector is not as economically viable or profitable as other sectors. Worse, small-holder farmers are marginalized in the food value chain. Accordingly, this situation will threaten the effort to feed the growing population. One possible solution that can make food agriculture more economically profitable and at the same time attract young people is an inclusive business model that encourages collaboration between small-scale farmers and private businesses or state-owned enterprises. An inclusive business model can happen only if small-holder farmers are well organized. Farmer corporations that are managed in a modern way, have large members, and control large areas of land are the basis for partnerships in this inclusive business model. There is an expectation that inclusive business models are able to provide a fairer share or distribution of value for small-holder food producers. On top of that, in the macro perspective, there is also an expectation that the models can contribute to the socio-economic outcome of food systems activities: job creation, poverty alleviation, and reduced inequality. قراءة القليل