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5. Elaboration of effective systems for crisis management (Action Track 5) - Ensure effective crisis management plans are in place; - Approximation of the legal frame and methodology for assessment and compensation of damages and losses after disasters according to international standards in cooperation with insurance market actors; - Strengthen the communication mechanism between institutions to ensure effective crisis and shock management; - Strengthen food supply management systems and other basic needs during and after crises. Establish supply management systems for food and other basic ne... Read moreeds; - Establish an effective communication mechanism between the state and the private sector for a force majeure situation, which ensures effective management of crises and shocks; - Developing the insurance market for agricultural activity through specific national support schemes. Read less

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Topic 3 focused on food loss and shock response. Participants discussed critical approaches to effective prevention of and response to food crisis. Participants believed that China's endeavor to reduce post-harvest loss has been underpinned by a wide range of support policies and programs. On the one hand, the government has pooled substantial research resources to investigate and assess post-harvest loss, making almost parallel research progress with FAO and western developed countries. On the other hand, various food research institutes and businesses in China have mounted collaborative inno... Read morevation efforts on the R&D, extension and application of post-harvest technologies and equipment. China's National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration has spared no effort to implement the strategy of developing the food sector through technology innovation and human capital development. It has also established post-harvest service centers under the national quality grain project, i.e. Action Plan on High-quality Chinese Grains and Edible Oil. With investments from both state-owned and local enterprises, the centers have produced positive outcomes. Over 4000 such service centers have been set up nationwide, leading to a drop of 4 percentage points in food loss at storage and drying stages alone. In addition, President Xi Jinping has launched an important initiative for China to host the International Conference on Food Loss Reduction in due course, with a view to facilitating experience sharing and enhancing global food security. Participants also analyzed the technological, economic and policy factors that cause post-harvest loss in China, and concluded that four questions need to be answered before food loss can be effectively lowered. 1. Why is it important to drive down food loss? 2. Who seeks to reduce food loss? 3. Who has the capacity to cut food loss? 4. Who shall take up the work on the ground? At present, the meteorological disasters that affect China’s major food crops and the temporal-spatial pattern featured have evolved over time, making climate change adaptation tailored to the local situation an essential approach to sustain agricultural output. Many measures against meteorological disasters in agriculture have been adopted, but systemic theoretical research and application demonstration is still lacking. More efforts are needed in disaster early-warning, selection breeding and cultivation technology. In addition, participants noted that food is lost throughout the food supply chain in both the form of food waste and inevitable loss. To cut food loss, the government must quicken the pace of legislation, upgrade technology, equipment and facilities, and enhance public education. As an effective conduit for cutting loss, e-commerce businesses should be promoted to standardize farm production and marketing activities, driving down food loss while creating value addition and higher rural income. Participants also proposed the following measures to strengthen shock response ability of the food supply chain. First, supply chain technology needs to be improved to prevent food loss. Second, concrete actions should be taken to step up legislation, improve law enforcement and strengthen guidance on public opinion. Third, food reserves and logistics needs to be improved. How long food reserves should be stored is a question of considerable importance in the international community. In a word, efforts should be launched on the supply chain to reduce loss and waste, so as to increase supply, better ensure food security and consumer health, and improve resource sustainability. Read less

Topic 4, food security and equitable livelihoods of urban and rural residents, highlighted the livelihood and development issues facing people in the food systems. China has accomplished its poverty reduction goal under the United Nations Sustainable Development Agenda 10 years ahead of schedule, providing Chinese wisdom and a Chinese approach to reducing poverty on a global scale. Since the reform and opening up, the incidence of poverty in China has dropped from 97.5 percent to zero and extreme poverty has been eradicated. In poor rural areas, people have seen their income grow rapidly, with... Read more ever-improving living conditions, infrastructure and public services, and fundamental changes in rural governance. China’s success in eliminating extreme poverty can be attributed to strong political leadership, consistent anti-poverty actions and the policy of reform and opening-up.  China’s experience include: 1) Poverty alleviation programs are led by governments and participated by various stakeholders; 2) China has remained committed to a targeted poverty alleviation strategy; 3) China has inspired poor people with the motivation to fight poverty; and 4) China has mobilized private actors to build a strong synergy in the fight against poverty. Two principles need to be followed to ensure equitable livelihoods during food systems transformation. First, the voices of workers and professionals whose jobs are relevant to food systems must be heard so as to help the food systems grow in a sustainable manner. Second, to build resilient food systems, people involved in food systems development must be empowered based on the principle of putting people first. Special attention must be paid to the ways of benefiting smallholder farmers worldwide through food systems transformation and reform. It is important that these 500 million smallholder farmers gain from this process as they contribute to 75 percent of global food production. Measures include strengthening the farmers' organizations, so that farmers will be better able to utilize digital technologies and e-commerce platforms, which give them easier access to the market and at the same time create more job opportunities for women and young people in rural areas. In addition, it is necessary to ensure fair investment in order to promote green technology and help farmers in remote areas access the market. Read less

Topic 5 focused on sustainable food consumption in the transformation of China’s food systems. What China needs is to foster nutrition-oriented consumption patterns. It faces three major challenges. First, China’s food production and supply fail to serve its upgraded domestic consumption. Second, food production and processing technologies fail to meet the new demands of consumers. Third, public perception of healthy diets fails to keep pace with new consumption patterns. Sustainable food consumption requires a shift in dietary structure and improvement of dietary patterns. Measures includ... Read moree: First, it is important to realize that sustainable food consumption is more than sustainable production. It is also about nutritious and healthy food. Second, nutrition and health need to be factored into China’s top-level planning and built into policies. The goal of carbon neutrality should be taken into account while formulating nutrition guidelines and recommendations. The Chinese government needs to promote institutional reform to enhance its governing capacity for making the complex food systems more effective, eco-friendly, inclusive and sustainable. Third, China should prioritize technology innovation, especially R&D on agricultural technology. China should pursue innovation in nutrition-oriented production technology, and improve nutritional standards for agricultural products. It should also advocate moderate and targeted processing, so as to reduce loss and improve efficiency during the processing process. Fourth, China should promote education on and share knowledge about food nutrition and health, and provide guidance on food consumption. It should raise awareness of recycling so that all the byproducts of consumer goods can be recycled. Read less

Under the theme of “Promoting Sustainable Development and Safeguarding National Food Security”, this event brought together various stakeholders to assess food systems from different perspectives. Through dialogues, they discussed the directions, goals, approaches and pathways of China’s food system transformation, on the basis of which a national roadmap to sustainable food systems in China by 2030 can be developed. The Dialogue addressed five topics, namely China’s food system transformation and policy support, food production and sustainable development, food loss and shock response... Read more, food security and equitable livelihoods for urban and rural residents, and sustainable food consumption. The Dialogue reviewed China’s achievements and international contribution in safeguarding food security, eradicating absolute poverty, and implementing the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. The Dialogue also discussed the problems and challenges facing China’s food systems now and into the future and China’s coping strategies. Topics covered are as follows: 1) direction and challenges of China’s food system transformation; 2) stakeholder engagement and the government’s role in the transformation; 3) ways to ensure universal access to energy-sufficient and nutritionally diverse foods; 4) ways to reduce food loss and waste; 5) ways to improve farmer resilience to natural risks; 6) ways to leverage science and technology in catalyzing food system transformation and sustainable development. Read less

After seven decades of development, China has embarked on a path of food security with Chinese characteristics. It has scored remarkable progress in food production capacity, sustainable development and people’s health and nutritional status as well as a complete victory in the fight against extreme poverty, offering an example of good practices to the international community. Nevertheless, as China's economy shifts to a stage of high-quality development, its food systems face several challenges in transformation. First, resource constraints. As a populous country, China is already in lack o... Read moref sufficient arable land and water resources. Worse still, rapid urbanization and industrialization are to further reduce the land and water available to agriculture. Second, vulnerable smallholders in the market. Chinese farmers, typically smallholders, suffer from adverse selection due to information asymmetry, and are hence disadvantaged in modern market competition. Third, climate change. Heat waves, droughts, floods, hail, pests and diseases, which are becoming more frequent and prevalent under the impact of climate change, are gravely threatening food security and farmers' livelihoods. Fourth, stress on food supply. Population growth and rising urbanization leads to higher demands for food. Besides, with higher incomes, consumers who used to be satisfied with mere food sufficiency increasingly desire nutrition, health benefits and safety from foods. What’s more, Chinese people face the double burden of undernutrition and overnutrition. To take on these challenges, China will uphold a new development philosophy featuring innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared growth and boost sustainable agriculture. First, China will increase grain production through farmland conservation and technological progress. Second, China will help farmers reap higher profits while holding local governments and party committees accountable for food security. Third, China will continue to develop its market system and value chains. Fourth, China will improve its macro-economic control and set in place full-fledged laws and rules. Fifth, China will stay committed to opening up and international cooperation. To achieve the sustainable development of food systems, China proposes to: first, take into consideration both grains and other foods when addressing food security; second, enhance food production capacity; third, foster innovation in agricultural science and technology; fourth, uphold sustainable development; fifth, facilitate access to development benefits by the whole society; sixth, open up wider to the world and undertake further international cooperation. Read less

The discussions were conducted mainly on two aspects: (1) emerging trends in China's food security and new policy orientation, (2) reforms and policies on promoting the transformation of China's food systems. The participants identified three emerging trends in China’s food security: (1) shift in consumer demands. Since the basic living needs of the Chinese people have been met, their demands for food products have evolved, resulting in the shift of the country’s focus in food supply to satisfying food consumption preferences. (2)  new challenges in production. Since the growth of agricul... Read moretural production in China is constrained by high labor cost and small production scale, it is thus essential for China to lower costs and expand production scale.  (3) future policies should aim to boost agricultural productivity. China should take stronger actions to improve soil fertility, develop high-quality farmland and improve irrigation facilities, and grant critical policy support to technology innovation and extension in such fields as varieties, infrastructure, mechanization, digitization, food preservation, storage and processing. With its commitment to safeguarding grain security unchanged, China is transforming its food systems to increase value addition, achieve sustainable agricultural development, and promote the transfer of excessive rural labor force to non-agricultural sectors. The fundamental drivers for such transformation include institutional innovation, technological advances, market reform and agricultural investment. The participants agree that future policies should focus on the following aspects.  (1) institutional innovation. A new leading group should be set up to better coordinate policies and investments of various departments, advance reforms in rural land system and other relevant fields, and support the development of competitive farmers' cooperatives. (2) innovation in polices. China should adopt strong and innovative measures to ensure food security through technological advances and deepen market and supply-side structural reform. It should also further develop agricultural insurance and its social security system, and support the efforts to improve food systems with digital technologies. (3) innovation in investment. China should apply new approaches for farmland protection and stewardship to increase grain production and invest more in technology and human capital. Food systems across the globe are rather fragile due to unbalanced development, natural disasters and shocks of COVID-19. Therefore, countries should step up international cooperation, particularly multilateral cooperation and south-south cooperation, to jointly tackle changes in global food systems and make them sustainable, healthy and resilient. Read less

The session on Topic 2 focused on food production and sustainable development as well as recommendations for promoting green and sustainable agricultural development. Participants agreed that China has implemented a wide range of measures and achieved tangible outcomes in green agricultural and rural development, including integrated approaches for agricultural resource utilization and conservation, improved environmental protection in agricultural production, continuous restoration of agricultural ecosystems, and development of green production systems. The Chinese government has made agricul... Read moretural and rural development a top priority in its work and launched full-ledged efforts to advance rural revitalization, thus offering historic opportunity for green development in agriculture. Besides, scientific and technological innovation has also been fueling green development in agriculture. The participants identified that waste recycling is the key to green and low-carbon development in agriculture, and recognized that further progress in the recycling of agricultural waste is necessary for China to achieve its goals on emission peak and carbon neutrality. The participants presented a series of recommendations, namely enhancing resource conservation and utilization, strengthening environmental and ecological protection in agriculture, implementing the program of variety development, quality enhancement, brandname building, and production standardization, as well as encouraging innovation in green agricultural technology. The participants also recognized three crises facing the world: the climate crisis, degradation of ecosystems and loss of biodiversity, and pollution and waste. These three crises are interconnected with each other, and all closely related to food security and sustainable development. To effectively respond to these three crises not only requires scientific and technological progress, but also strengthened regulation of technology. Read less

The Dialogue three /Sub-national Dialogue has been organized for mountain area in Albania (Kukes, Puke, Malesi e Madhe, Lezhe, Korce, Permet, Gjirokaster, Diber, Berat, Vlore, Librazhd) based on key sectors such as Agro Tourism, Fruit trees (including nuts), Viniculture, Beekeepers, Aromatic &medicinal plants, Livestock/small ruminants, Traditional food). The Dialogue was organized under the concept “an extensive exploration everywhere”. The dialogue brought together 93 participants from the private sector, government, development partners, civil society, academia and research center, ... Read moresmall and big-scale farmers, etc. who were involved either directly or indirectly in implementing or supporting the food and tourism value chain; local natural resources. It consisted of the presentation of local food systems issues along with the 5 Action Tracks, by addressing the challenges in that region, by discussing interlinkages between the 5 Action Tracks, on policies and actions. Five Action Tracks has been conducted by 4 facilitators. The presentations introduced the concept, listed some of the entry points and guided the contextual solutions. The presentations aimed at creating an open and trusted atmosphere among participants so that everyone has a voice. We followed the conversation by noticing who is taking the floor being a radical listener. Action Track 1: Ensuring access to safe and nutritious food for all. •Food security and nutrition challenges and the population groups most affected; •The availability and accessibility of healthy and nutritious diets to all population groups; •Main dietary patterns in the country. Any specific concerns with dietary patterns and diet-related non-communicable diseases; •Policies and initiatives to ensure food systems lend themselves to providing nutritious diets for children and adolescents; •Policies or initiatives in place to promote healthy diets and better nutrition, such as integrated school meals, nutrition, education, regulation of advertising and marketing of certain foods not conducive to healthy diets to improve the nutritional value of food, and food labelling; •Food safety policies and control systems in place to assess the main sources of foodborne diseases and food safety; •Main challenges regarding animal diseases, plant pests and diseases, and preventive management and surveillance systems. Action Tracks 2 and 3. Sustainable consumption and production •Policies, initiatives and the raising of awareness among the public and private-sector stakeholders to prevent and reduce food loss and waste along the value chain; •Short value chains that respond to consumer demands, providing diverse foods at an affordable price; •Policies to prevent land degradation; management of crop yields and the use of pastureland; •Sustainable and efficient use of water in irrigation and food processing; water quality assurance; •Analysis to understand the overall environmental impacts of the main agrifood value chains; •Investment in sustainable agricultural techniques; •Functioning food supply chains with adequate infrastructure for value addition, storage, processing and distribution; •Adoption of measures to strengthen the sustainability of food supply chains; •Reviewing support to agriculture, including subsidies, with a view to facilitating the green transition. Action track 4.Advancing equitable livelihoods and value distribution •Access to finance and credit for operators in the food and agricultural sector. •Social protection measures such as input subsidies, innovative insurance solutions to manage extreme weather and climate variability risks on crop and livestock production. Action track 5. Building resilience to vulnerabilities, shocks and stresses •Measures in place to ensure that the country food systems are prepared to avoid, mitigate and/or adapt to vulnerabilities, shocks and stresses; •Emergency plans ready to be operationalized to address food safety, animal health and plant health threats and outbreaks; •Food assistance programmes in place, when needed, to contribute to food security and nutrition. Read less

• Agriculture sectors need more financial support to create a credible database thus helping farmers (potential beneficiaries) and insurance companies to build trust and engage in the insurance business in agriculture as well. • Ruminants or livestock, in general, is a risky business and will remain such as long as the veterinary system will not function well. • Missing of an initiative to reduce food loss at the farmer. level • There are many stakeholders in the food system that has remained out of monitoring their safety. Such actors are slaughterhouses, dairies, livestock markets. T... Read morehe number of stakeholders engaged in such activities is high, their business, in general, is small and therefore their income is small making it difficult to imply food safety norms during their activity. • Food safety is a very complex challenge that comes from both the supply and demand sides. • Climate change effects are risking the food system and the agriculture producers are exposed to a series of risks. • In EU countries insurance companies demonstrate an interest in the agriculture sector as it is protected in a way from subsidies. In the Albanian context, the government cannot provide the same number of subsidies but can in a way offer financial education for farmers among others. • Agrotourism is an important tool to integrate social, environmental and economic aspects of food systems, and promote local and organic products. • Small farmers produce for local restaurants or hospitability structures in their localities. Their products are hardly monitored under the food safety system. • Involvement of the civil society sector in policy performance along with the public agencies is of utmost importance. It is vital to actively communicate with the direct stakeholders of the food systems such as producers, unions, associations, NGOs, scientific circles, donors, international organizations, higher educational and vocational institutions, local municipality representatives, etc. • The farmer should be considered a profession. It needs to be certified in order to have a full and accurate list of them so they can be trained and informed for any kind of activity they perform in the fields or else. • Promoting value chain development involving food production linked to tourism, beekeeping and medical aromatic herbs – inter alia for rural women’s economic empowerment • Finding ways of using the innovative approach “0 Km” for agro tourism, schools etc. (sharing economy, school food and nutrition etc.) • School food programs like the one implement by FAO in Albania have to be replicated in different areas, to improve childhood nutrition. • The main food losses in Albania are at the stage between the farmer and first buyer. However, food waste is increasing rapidly also at the retail level. • Small farmers have limited opportunities to create profit margins with common value chain products. • Farmers in general and small ones in particular, cannot afford the losses from natural disasters which bring them below the affordable level of business recovery. Read less

Action track 1. 1. The Albanian legislation framework should be adopted /amended based on EU legislation 2. Consumer awareness & education to choose a safe food, including reading and understanding label specifications. 3. Increasing knowledge on farms for family, small and medium production (agricultural and livestock) 4. Increase and improve the Food Safety System from farm to fork, including pastures, use of chemical fertilizers & pesticides, uses of allergic substances, Global G.A.P. Certification, etc. 5. Improve food safety policies and control systems to evaluate the main source... Read mores of diseases & hazards, and communicating effectively with key stakeholders. 6. Improved legislation on animal diseases (including zoonosis), pests and plant diseases, and preventive management and surveillance systems 7. Natural resources should be carefully managed such as energy-saving by introducing solar energy as an alternative source, saving water during food operations, technological water recycling, etc. 8. It must stand up and become operational in the management system of food waste so that products that abound in the markets as well as close to the date of expiry to be provided for people in need. 9. Financial education of all actors is a must. 10. Establishment and operation of national and EU support schemes for agriculture sectors (including livestock) in hilly and mountainous areas. Read less

Action Tack 2 and 3 1. Develop better-coordinated value chains 2. Support the development of short food chain initiatives 3. Build the capacity of farmers in nature-friendly production practices 4. Capacity development of extensive service agents 5. More collection and analysis of data related to the agricultural sector 6. Establishment of insurance markets for agricultural activity 7. Analyze the costs of a healthy diet, in such a way as to prepare policy and financial support packages. 8. Analyze the impact on the environment including deforestation. The link between the sustainable food sys... Read moretem and the environment. Impact on Green House Gas (GHG) emission 9. Need to analyze the pesticides and chemicals in the agriculture production 10. The fostering of regional, short food chains, of mainly none or low-processed food is seen as another key factor that will contribute to the reduction of food loss and waste. With short supply chains, the produce is usually fresher when reaching households. The fewer the processing steps in the chain, the lower food losses tend to be. Read less

Action Tack 4 1. For those who may need to leave farming, as they cannot move their small farms to commercial family farms, provide alternative support through off-farm diversification and other social protection measures. 2. There must be equitable opportunities for all through equal chances in production, ownership of resources and improved agricultural technology for women and the young generation. 3. Policymakers to provide a roadmap for equitable distribution of production resources, which will ensure equitable access to resources. 4. Farmers and farmer groups to work together to strength... Read moreen the value chain of all commodities to improve the food system thereby ensuring sustainability. 5. Coordination of stakeholders to make sure that a quality and unadulterated input meets standard requirements are used in producing healthy and safe food for all. 6. Increased productivity through access to quality inputs and value addition, which translates to better income for women and youths. 7. Women and young people receive tailored training and capacity building to respond, recover and build resilience. 8. Access to climate-smart technologies, structured markets and finance. 9. Innovation and use of ITC as an effective tool 10. Promote value chain linked to tourism Read less

Action Track 5 1. Conduct massive public awareness on the reality of climate change, its causes and effects on agriculture 2. Avoid deforestation and forest degradation 3. Promote agroecology techniques and practices 4. A multi-disciplinary, multi-sectoral, multi-stakeholder DRR National Platform should be established to advance national commitment to reduce disaster risk and increase institutional coordination, cooperation, and communication on DRR actions. 5. The veterinary service as an important part of the food chain has to monitor with high discipline the fulfilment of hygienic-sanitary-... Read moreveterinary standards in production farms with a profile of meat, milk, eggs, honey, etc. 6. Protection of animals from infectious diseases, through the implementation of biosafety practices on farms, good animal feed treatment, implementation of food chain control for animals, implementation of requirements in milking, equipment, safe transport staff and certification of the veterinary product. 7. In a pandemic situation, the food systems must be adapted and implemented in accordance with the new conditions dictated by the emergency situation where the priority is to review the rules of conduct of staff with the requirements of personal and local hygiene, regarding the specifics of disease manifested pathogenicity, routes of transmission as well as their zoonotic character. 8. Farms with high productivity and risk in the market to be certified with ISO or HACCP, as these systems put them in monitoring and implementation of the traceability system. 9. Aviary influence affects food security and production. Affects food security because there are animal products that enter the industry food chain. 10. It’s important the erosion control as well as the need to decrease desertification and more efficient utilization of water resources by using new technologies like drip irrigation etc. Read less

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Dentro de las áreas divergentes se encontró que los programas de salud que mayor cantidad de recursos tienen están enfocados en la enfermedad y no en la prevención. Promoción de la Salud, como su nombre lo indica tiene la función de prevenir enfermedades y son estas iniciativas las que menos recursos tienen. Es por esto que se propuso fortalecer las políticas públicas de prevención y no solo aquellas focalizadas en tratamiento de enfermedad. Mayores recursos permitirían fortalecer los programas asociados a la forma de alimentarse de las personas, calidad de vida y evitar enfermedades... Read more como la obesidad y malnutrición, lo que a la vez evitaría el desarrollo de otras enfermedades no transmisibles, como la diabetes y enfermedades cardiovasculares. Read less

Las conclusiones más relevantes fueron: El Estado cumple un rol fundamental, siendo el ente que debe crear las políticas públicas para regular la venta de alimentos no saludables y facilitar el acceso a los alimentos saludables, fomentando la educación alimentaria desde la primera infancia, y facilitando el auto-cultivo de estos alimentos en los domicilios, como huertos urbanos. También se debe fortalecer y promover la adquisición de la producción local, priorizando a los pequeños agricultores de la región, junto con facilitar el acceso a la alimentación saludable local a través de ... Read morecompras públicas, permitiendo abaratar costos. Las principales propuestas surgidas en este trabajo han coincidido en que la educación alimentaria desde la edad temprana es una herramienta fundamental, para generar en los niños, niñas y adolescentes conciencia de los hábitos saludables, acompañándola con educación para la familia. También incorporar a nutricionistas a la labor educativa. El Estado debe apoyar a las empresas más pequeñas para que puedan crecer, producir y comercializar sus productos a nivel regional y con pertinencia intercultural, además de mejorar el acceso, canales de transporte y comunicación con las comunas rurales de esta región. Fomentar los hábitos y alimentación saludable a través de campañas más llamativas y amigables para todos/as, siendo el estado el que entregue mayores recursos a la prevención. Reconocer que la alimentación es parte de nuestra cultura. Read less

El tema principal fue garantizar el acceso a alimentos sanos y nutritivos para todos y todas.

Durante esta actividad se evidenció que los grupos de trabajo coinciden que una de las grandes problemáticas frente al acceso a la alimentación saludable es la falta de educación alimentaria, ya que a pesar de que la región es productora de frutas y verduras durante todo el año, el acceso a alimentos ultraprocesados y la falta de educación alimentaria ha ido en contra de una mejor alimentación. Además, el factor económico y la salud mental en tiempos de pandemia han perjudicado el acceso, siendo los delivery mayormente locales de comida rápida. También, se señala que al parecer lo... Read mores precios han ido en aumento, perjudicando el bolsillo de las personas que ya está golpeado por la crisis sanitaria, y que se hace muy complejo para el Estado hacer compras públicas de productos locales. Es necesario mencionar, que en esta región se presenta como problemática la conectividad, ya que las comunas están desconectadas de la ciudad de Arica. Existen problemas de comunicación y caminos complicados, que para las personas que viven en esos sectores se convierten en un problema al momento de acceder no solo a la información y educación alimentaria y a la alimentación saludable. Read less