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5. PARTNERSHIPS AND DIALOGUE Vision : Cooperation, empathy, trust and communication establish the foundations for partnerships that enable food systems to provide nutritious foods and social, cultural and economic opportunities for all. The empowerment and the voice of local, indigenous farmers and their networks is key. A sustainable food system of partnerships will be a movement at the local level, and that of the town, city, public institutions. The ecology of the future will be place-based with energy and action resting with local authorities. This in turn will lead to better governance, a... Lire la suitend engagement with people and authorities. Our current centralised distribution of food extinguishes dialogue. Very few farmers can perhaps manage more than 3 partnerships, and 90% of the retail economy belongs to dominant corporates such as Tesco or Walmart, leading to very expensive (and definitely not local) food. The priority must be absolutely all about getting the value of the food trade really reaching where it’s needed. If Via Campesina - the practising farmers working with nature- is boycotting the Food Summit, we need to engage them and why they feel it’s not listening to them and their needs. We therefore need practical actions involving key stakeholders - farmers, workers, etc- that will work with real practical legal, investment, policy, and other solutions We recognise we live in challenging times. Promoting biodiversity will only proceed in dialogue with policy makers. But the wrong governance emerges when we exclude women’s voices, minorities and indigenous peoples Any platform through which people can communicate, must bring voices from the ground to an obviate restrictive hierarchies. The predicate for all those working in the food system must be one of empathy, in which nonconventional partnerships are allowed to emerge, inc National representatives from the local farmers. Discussions must remain open, formulated around an action plan with a necessary creativity with whom you engaged, bringing those who really know the food system, giving people a voice, actors that live there, maintaining the environment, visions together. Stop the world: People have the right to negotiate The food system in the future will embed values and principles ● Community and reconciliation ● A healing, almost medicinal resiliency ● Dialogue and engagement ● Our energy, supply, network, dominated by large companies, will be reconfigured more equitably from centralized to people, and especially more representative of women Food equity will include increasing income for small farmers; favouring farmers more as participants, and consumers less so, with more accessible financing and easing capital flows to farmers directly. Lire moins

4. EDUCATION Vision : The education and cultural values shared with children and all consumers empowers them to make healthy food choices for them, the planet, and for all members of society. The group identified 8 areas where education on food and nutrition needs to happen. First, governments have an important role to play in guiding the public and private sector towards healthy food through taxes, policies, funding, etc. Second, schools should ensure that education on healthy food and nutrition is included in curricula and that healthy diets are promoted in school meals. Food is vital for ch... Lire la suiteildren to be able to learn. However, education on food and nutrition is so much more than just memorizing facts. Education on food and education should be needs-based and experiential for children. Third, parents and families at home also have a role to play in teaching children about the value of food, especially through important cultural experiences, such as cooking or farming. In this context, ancestral knowledge on food and nutrition should be promoted. Fourth, the private sector can also leverage its marketing and advertising for good and help educate children through labels or packaging. This is especially vital as children do not only learn in school but also in supermarkets when they see food advertised and marketed. Fifth, NGOs and other stakeholders in the area of food and nutrition need to use synergies and collaborate more often rather than working independently. Sixth, chefs and other thought or industry leaders can also help with education on food and nutrition by making it fun. Seventh, farmers can bring us the production side of food closer to us and educate us on how to farm. And lastly, we need to learn from food and let food be the teacher itself. Lire moins

3. INTERGENERATIONAL SOLIDARITY Vision : Our food systems are grounded in and foster solidarity between generations. They provide opportunities for the youth, build on the experience of our elders, and meet the needs for nutritious of all generations. Food has been disconnected from story, people, and landscape. Connection with food is generally inherited from parents but, generally speaking, today “inheritance has been broken”. There is little to inherit in a world where “food is just something on a supermarket shelf and has no story”. Our parents encouraged good practices at home, bu... Lire la suitet these are lost once we start school and emerge into the wider world. The food system we in the West inherit from our parents is the 40-50’s food system of convenience and which was supported by an emerging advertising sector which focused on the spectacularizing of food. In Michigan, speakers mentioned “Taste the Local Distance”, an organisation whiose core idea is “taking the small holder farms and making them more mainstream.”, specifying that it is not just about artisanal food, but also about building ties with education: “a real change can be made when children go get food and see and know how that food was made and who made it”. “We need A 10 year program and should take national funding to do that”. Another participant agreed on the “broken connection in this intergenerational food transition”, reflecting upon the fact that in multicultural societies all of the beautiful food traditions have been subsumed by the industrial food production and processed foods. An interesting aspect that he brought up was the perception people have of the background of the food they consume: “we take food from this food system that entails labor violation, soil exploitations etc. This is destructive on so many levels, but it is sold to us like happy farms.” What he would wish were done for the next generation is thinking more about local food and labelling and focusing attention on understanding where our food comes from, eliciting more interest in indigenous food systems. The role of “indigenous knowledge in food systems” was commonly stressed. Lire moins

2. CONNECTING AND LISTENING TO NATURE Vision: A renewed and deepened connection to the natural world, nourished by respect, wonder and a state of listening, guides the transformation of our food systems towards restoration and equity. In places like Senegal where people used to produce their own organic food, share meals and thus assure more food security and less waste, the introduction of cash crops broke this equilibrium. Today what used to be savanna is a desert, nature is becoming poorer. People living near the river can’t drink the water because of pesticides or parasites. Nature has i... Lire la suitets rules: if we understand them, we can implement a new, symbiotic economy. As a society we are part of a whole, bigger macrobiotic which embeds nature: we must realize that our well-being and survival depends on Earth, and viceversa. While dominant cultures sustain a sense that our species stands apart from the natural world, others have always nourished a deep sense of connection and harmony with Nature. We can integrate indigenous people into academy, master classes, where they can support reconnection with nature. Education is the key of future generations; building bridges between indigenous knowledge and sciences may lead to a mindset reboot. Paradoxically, business people who contribute to the disruption of the ecosystem may seek restoration of nature in their free time. Can we help people drop this mask, bearing in mind that actions should be coherent with values, and deepen our connection with nature in business and negotiations? Be curious about how food arrives on our tables. When we use chemicals on food, we have to be aware that we are consuming them. The pandemic revealed the limits of globalization and unrestricted capitalism, we have a chance to pursue the few big companies who control the food industry. Policy makers must seize this by encouraging regenerative approaches and pushing action more toward the SDGs. We need to drive the the global food system in regenerative agriculture and redefine profitability. We need to redefine basic notions: what are health, wealth, happiness? There’s more money in circulation than ever but we are not happier. We must find ways to connect with nature while feeding everyone. We need to consult everyone in order to solve these challenges: divisions will not work in terms of food security and nature regeneration, efforts to restore Nature must be participatory. By according trees, water, soil the dignity and intelligence of living things, we can support reconnection by asking ourselves “is this choice going to cause harm to people or nature?” And realise that these are both the same thing. Lire moins

1. CARE AND COMPASSION Vision : Care and compassion for ourselves, others and Nature, inherent to the way food is produced, processed, sold and consumed. a) We need to see love and compassion at all stages of the food system and across all actors, from farmers, through to production, processing, packaging, distribution, consumption and disposal. ● Love and compassion is most commonly associated with the production level of the food system, particularly small farmers, who are so connected to the ebbs and flows of the land through their daily work. ● But love can be experienced at all levels... Lire la suite of the food system, including consumers, it all depends on the individual actors. For example, mothers cooking for their families or chefs cooking display love. ● As food systems shift from local production through to larger industrial methods, there is often a disconnection with land and scaling down of compassion. We need to find ways of extending love and compassion across all levels of the food system, possibly through fostering a greater connection to the land. Also, by learning from the other elements in the food system, we can raise awareness of how one’s own behaviour can be influential. With knowledge comes compassion so together we can collectively manage a more sustainable system. b) We need to find ways of supporting and engaging small farmers. It’s a difficult career which young people aren’t attracted to, partly because the conditions are tough and there is limited legal protection. This is creating uncertainty in the long-term and farmers could disappear. By engaging universities and academics more, we could connect young people more to farming/the land, and create a different vision. c) We need love and compassion for those actors in the food system who are more vulnerable and less represented. In particular, attention is not being paid to agricultural workers including their rights and compensation. They are often not recognised and lack livelihood security and assets such as land ownership. They are not represented by Trade Unions. We need to find ways of protecting these actors. d) Anywhere in the world there are conditions and constraints that need to be considered, and which are being impacted by climate change: - The constraints and conditions are so problematic in our current food system that farmers don’t have any options. They have so much feeling for the land, but the constraints are uncontrolled. A farmer needs to be incentivised by owning the land, so they can apply sustainable practices. We need to support them to adapt with sustainable practices. e) Until we decouple the food system from economic growth, it will be challenging to change things. Lire moins

Two issues stood out as core challenges: the loss of connection essential for the well-being of people and planet, and the negative impacts of exploitative economic models. But the conversations focused mostly on the solutions to reestablish connection and compassion to foster food systems that are regenerative, equitable and nourishing in all senses of the word. Loss of connection and compassion Participants observed a loss of connection at several levels: “As food systems shift from local production through to larger industrial methods, there is often a disconnection with land and scaling ... Lire la suitedown of compassion.” “Food has been disconnected from story, people, and landscape.” The culture of food is generally inherited from one’s parents but today “this inheritance has been broken” as “food is just something on a supermarket shelf and has no story”. Destructive economic system and power imbalances “The pandemic revealed the limits of globalization and unrestricted capitalism.” “We take food from this food system that entails labor violation, soil exploitation, etc. This is destructive on so many levels, but it is sold to us like happy farms.” “Our current centralised distribution of food extinguishes dialogue (…) 90% of the retail economy belongs to dominant corporates leading to expensive and definitely not local food.” The limits of this model were illustrated by an example from Senegal, where people used to produce their own organic food, share meals and assure more food security and less waste. The introduction of cash crops broke this equilibrium: today what used to be savanna is a desert. People living near the river can’t drink the water because of pesticides or parasites. Emphasis was given to the economic difficulties faced by the more vulnerable and less represented, especially agricultural workers and small farmers whose rights are seldom ensured, who lack livelihood security and have limited options, as well as poor consumers. One group observed: “Until we decouple the food system from economic growth, it will be challenging to change things.” Love, empathy and compassion These were the starting point and heart of all discussions: “The predicate for all those working in the food system must be one of empathy.” “We need to find ways of extending love and compassion across all levels of the food system”, from the farmer caring for the land to a cook preparing food with love. Participants aspired to see “mechanisms of inter-relatedness and inter-connectedness” restored. They called for “community, reconciliation and healing.” How can this be done? Reconnecting to Nature The importance of reconnecting to and valuing Nature was central. “Nature has its rules: if we understand them, we can implement a new, symbiotic economy” and “while dominant cultures sustain a sense that our species stands apart from the natural world, others have always nourished a deep sense of connection and harmony with Nature.” Bridging indigenous knowledge and science can help foster a “mindset reboot”, including one that “accords trees, water, soil the dignity and intelligence of living things”. Education Education was seen as the key to changing mindsets and heart-sets. “With knowledge comes compassion so together we can collectively manage a more sustainable system.” Education is essential to understand where food comes from, to awaken one’s sensitivity to Nature, to encourage youth to engage in agriculture, to understand the 9 planetary boundaries, and to transmit core values. The following have a fundamental role to play: governments, schools, universities, parents and families, the private sector, NGOs, chefs, industry leaders, farmers, and indigenous peoples. “We also need to let food itself be the teacher.” Communication and dialogue One group called for the need to “evolve a common language of empathy between ourselves and the Earth, and at every junction of the food chain.” It highlighted the opportunity of digital spaces as “open public infrastructure where we can connect as farmers and citizens.” Appreciating true value We need to understand the true value of food and its true social and environmental cost. Some called for “food equity” supported by legal measures, investment, and policies. We require a “new economy” and “a more sophisticated and attuned understanding of financial flows, especially what we invest, and the necessity of seeing those investments flow into the hands of those who have their hands in the soil.” Some observed that “there’s more money in circulation than ever but we are not happier” and called for the need to “redefine basic notions”, such as “health, wealth and happiness”. Going local The group exploring partnerships emphasized the importance of going local: “The ecology of the future will be place-based with energy and action resting with local authorities. This will lead to better governance, and engagement with people and authorities.” “Any platform through which people can communicate, must bring voices from the ground to obviate restrictive hierarchies.” Inclusivity, respect and dignity All groups called for inclusivity, respect and dignity, recognizing the need to hear the voice and empower farmers, women, youth, indigenous peoples and minorities. Participants advocated for nonconventional partnerships and open dialogue that fosters creativity. In brief: “We can support reconnection by asking ourselves: ‘is this choice going to cause harm to people or nature?’ And realise that these are both the same. Lire moins

This dialogue “Transforming our Food Systems with the Golden Rule: from Listening to Action” focused on the fundamental cultural and spiritual values and attitudes that should underpin and guide the technical, financial and functional solutions being discussed for the Summit if they are to genuinely lead to sustainable and equitable food systems. It was inspired by the “Golden Rule”: “treat others and the planet as you wish to be treated”. The discussions focused on the following six topics which were guided by the following framing: 1. The role of compassion, care and listening in... Lire la suite food systems transformation Since learning to control fire, the hearth has been at the heart of what has bound Homo sapiens together. The specialisations of cooking, hunting required new skills in our ancestors cooperation, empathy, trust and communication. Where do these capacities for empathy reside in our food ecosystems today? Is there empathy between the consumer and producer? Between the seasonal fruit-picker and the supermarkets? Between the dairy farmer and the cow? Between the farmer and the land? How do we build a true empathy between these different nodes in our system in the next decade? 2. Reconnecting and Listening to the Earth to guide food systems transformation Since Descartes split mind from body, and human from Nature, humans from many parts of the world have learned to see themselves outside of the natural world, and absorbed the credo that our role is to dominate, control and exploit its resources. A technocratic analysis of food production has served us well in maximising yield every year- and yet now threatens to collapse the very ecosystems on which we depend. How do we reshape our cultural connection with the natural world, and retain our sense of embedded- ness within nature, as part of its inherent cycle, rather than its master? Can we foster a sense of respect, wonder and the sacred into our relationship with food? 3. Drawing upon the voice of our elders and supporting the youth: Intergenerational solidarity In the Global North, our enhanced diets and healthcare are lengthening our lifespans and thereby transforming our societies where the elderly are in the majority. The Global South, by contrast, is overwhelmingly young. At the same time, our parents’ generation is consuming planetary resources at a rate which will bequeath our children with a badly damaged biosphere. How can we acknowledge in our food systems solidarity between our ancestors and our descendants? How can we encourage our children to shape new, better habits, while acknowledging their rights to give them a chance of sustainable, nourishing ecosystem in ten years 4. Education Education – whether in the home, in schools or society at large - is the process whereby we seed the practices of our next generation while adapting the current practices of all generations. If we were to change the culture of food in our society, where would we start? What are the best habits to acquire as a child? How can education ascribe a deeper purpose to the food that we eat and prepare? 5. Partnerships and dialogue Food systems are often pyramidal and vertical, with engrained power imbalances and values distortions. The supply chain from farm to fork is a silent one, disconnected and silo’d. How can we move our relationships in food from a one-way broadcast to a conversation? Who is excluded from this conversation? How do we listen to them? And if we were to treat the Earth as a partner rather than a supplicant, what would be the terms of engagement look like? 6. New citizenship and the Life Economy - valuing Nature, health, care John Perkins says that we need to enable A ‘Life Economy’, one in which we prioritise living, organic ecosystems; what we have now is the opposite, a ‘Death’ economy. A life economy is one that pays people to clean up pollution and regenerate destroyed environments. A life economy also develops new technologies that do not ravage the Earth. What would a global citizens charter look like that had a life economy at its core? What role would food play in such a charter? Lire moins

Solutions for Sustainable Fishing with Small scale women and men farmers: 1. Women empowerment 2. Drying fish 3. Fish mobile vans 4. Increase access to market 5. Mangrove reforestation 6. Integrated pond management 7. Probiotic fish feed 8. Small scale hatcheries 9. Advocacy for sustainable artisanal fishing 10. Participation of SSF in local level decision making 11. Learning exchange program 12. Advocacy and participation in local and national fisheries councils Recommendations to scale up and scale out Solutions : 1. Review various government policies using the VGSSF as tool. 2. Establish st... Lire la suiterong SSF organizations so that they are able to provide service to members with governments and other organizations supporting them with access to finance, pre and post-harvest facilities, capacity building, fishing technologies for marine and fresh water resources. 3. Provide spaces for women and young fishers to act. 4. Invest in post-harvest value chain, access to credit. 5. Check encroachment on coastal areas. 6. Prior access of SSF to commercial fishers. 7. During fish bans, provide support mechanisms. 8. Educate and enforce practices for sustainable fisheries. 9. Empower and organize women and youth fishers. 10. Rehabilitate fishery resources. 11. Conduct policy research on current status of implementation of VGSSF and documentation of good practices. 12. Establish ministry/department of fisheries (India, Philippines) 13. Recognize the role of SSF and IP communities, as well as their organizations and cooperatives, to restore, co-manage, conserve and protect local aquatic and coastal ecosystem. SSF Message to UNFSS  Increase investment in SSF.  Review various policies in fisheries by using VGSSF as tool.  Recognize the role of SSF and IP communities to restore, conserve, protect, and co-manage local aquatic and coastal ecosystem.  Livelihood protection.  Promote gender equity and equality in SSF sector. “According to studies, unless we act now, there may be no fish left in 2048.” (Boris Worm et al, 2006) Lire moins

Context of Small Scale Fishers  97% of SSF are from developing countries, 85% of whom are from Asia  90% of those in fishing community are SSF, 50% of which are women.  68% of global produce are from Asia.  95% of produce is consumed locally.  Fish is affordable and a major source of protein, vitamins and minerals for the poor. Challenges faced by SSF Fish is one of the most affordable and nutritious food products. Therefore, it is all the more necessary now in the scenario of the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet very little is being done to save small scale fisheries (SSF). SSF play a ke... Lire la suitey role in ensuring food and nutrition security, and eradicating poverty. Unfortunately, they are being continuously subjected to various forms of social discrimination, competition from big companies encroaching on coastal fisheries areas, violence against women, lack of access to credit, steeping down the value chain, weak implementation of fisheries policies, and the list goes on. Below are the economic, social, gender based, technological, and environmental challenges SSF face. A. Economic Challenges  Access to resources  Low investment in SSF  Alternative/allied livelihood B. Social Challenges  Social entitlements  Involvement in policy making  Marginalized C. Gender based Challenges  Lack of recognition  Access to market  Not involved in decision making D. Technological Challenges  Need for technical knowledge  Storage  Access to equipment and trainings E. Environmental Challenges  Low fish catch and depletion of species  Climate change  Disaster risk Solutions 1. Women empowerment 2. Drying fish 3. Fish mobile vans 4. Increase access to market 5. Mangrove reforestation 6. Integrated pond management 7. Probiotic fish feed 8. Small scale hatcheries 9. Advocacy for sustainable artisanal fishing 10. Participation of SSF in local level decision making 11. Learning exchange program 12. Advocacy and participation in local and national fisheries councils Recommendations 1. Review various government policies using the VGSSF as tool. 2. Establish strong SSF organizations so that they are able to provide service to members with governments and other organizations supporting them with access to finance, pre and post-harvest facilities, capacity building, fishing technologies for marine and fresh water resources. 3. Provide spaces for women and young fishers to act. 4. Invest in post-harvest value chain, access to credit. 5. Check encroachment on coastal areas. 6. Prior access of SSF to commercial fishers. 7. During fish bans, provide support mechanisms. 8. Educate and enforce practices for sustainable fisheries. 9. Empower and organize women and youth fishers. 10. Rehabilitate fishery resources. 11. Conduct policy research on current status of implementation of VGSSF and documentation of good practices. 12. Establish ministry/department of fisheries (India, Philippines) 13. Recognize the role of SSF and IP communities, as well as their organizations and cooperatives, to restore, co-manage, conserve and protect local aquatic and coastal ecosystem. SSF Message to UNFSS  Increase investment in SSF.  Review various policies in fisheries by using VGSSF as tool.  Recognize the role of SSF and IP communities to restore, conserve, protect, and co-manage local aquatic and coastal ecosystem.  Livelihood protection.  Promote gender equity and equality in SSF sector. “According to studies, unless we act now, there may be no fish left in 2048.” (Boris Worm et al, 2006) Lire moins

Small scale fishers play a key role in ensuring food and nutrition security, and eradicating poverty. Aquatic food systems strategies can help address the complex issue of the “triple burden of malnutrition” (food insecurity, undernutrition and overweight). Many coastal and inland populations rely on fish as the most accessible source of animal protein. In addition to high-quality protein, fish, especially small fish consumed whole, can be rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins A, D and B, and minerals such as calcium, zinc, iodine and iron, while seaweed represents an excellent sou... Lire la suiterce of fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. Fish farming is dominated by Asia, which has produced 89% of the global total of volume in the last 20 years. An estimated 59.51 million people were engaged (on a full-time, part-time or occasional basis) in the primary sector of capture fisheries (39.0 million people) and aquaculture (20.5 million people) in 2018. Women accounted for 14 percent of the total, with shares of 19 percent in aquaculture and 12 percent in capture fisheries. Of all those engaged in primary production, most are in developing countries, and most are small-scale, artisanal fishers and aquaculture workers. The highest numbers of workers are in Asia (85 percent), followed by Africa (9 percent), the Americas (4 percent), and Europe and Oceania (1 percent each). When post-harvest operations data are included, it is estimated that one in two workers in the sector is a woman. Small fishers are facing plethora of challenges in Asia and elsewhere. Owing to their poor economic status and often marginalized social status, their voices are not heard by the policy makers adequately. Small fishers are facing worst crises today. Apart from poverty and discrimination, the added perils are climate change induced extreme weather conditions and depletion of species. Access and control over natural resources has always been a contentious issue for poor fishers, who face hurdles to access sea beaches, to park their boats and dry their nets due to indiscriminate grabbing of coastal land for tourism and other industrial purposes. Also dumping effluent near the coast and in deep sea adversely affect their catches. Though there are rules restricting trawlers from fishing near the shore but violation of that rule is rampant and regulation is very weak. On social entitlement front too fishers are disadvantaged. Existing social schemes, various pensions and insurance schemes fall short to the need. This is simply because these schemes are not developed keeping fishers issues/challenges in mind majority of fisherwomen are in fish vending with no hygienic and secured workplace at markets. They suffer from lack of transportation facilities (often local regular transport refuse to take them due to smell of fish and dipping water etc), inadequate knowledge of market prices. Encroachment of big companies in the coast for industry, tourism and dumping of effluent etc further impoverished poor fishers and they are losing their grounds fast. Increased price of fuel and other essential items have added to their misery. Last but not the least lack of coordination among different government departments (lack of apt policies) has slowed down the pace of serving poor fishers through existing schemes. In the light of the contributions of the fisheries sector in food and nutrition security, and in the light of the issues and challenges faced by small scale women and men fishers who form the majority of the labor force in fisheries, this Independent Dialogue would like to gather together representatives of small scale fishers’ organizations in a discussion on the solutions they have undertaken to overcome these challenges while contributing to sustainability of the oceans, of the lands , and the eco system in general. In this Independent Dialogue, we would like to hear their voices, their perspectives, their solutions and their recommendation so that as small scale women and men fishers, they can play their utmost part in contributing to the global goals of ending hunger and poverty , first amongst their communities, and next, to the whole society. Lire moins

Areas of Divergence: • Participants disagreed sometimes about whether the consumer should have to pay for more ethically sourced food from the oceans or not! • There was discussion on the ability to live sustainably with the ocean while extracting resources from it, especially for the local people.

Discussion Topic Outcomes: Question: “In relation to the session topic, what actions can you recommend and how best can they be supported at personal, community or government level that help both ocean biodiversity and human food supply?” Overarching themes: 1. Actions that benefit both biodiversity and food supply are possible but often, to see benefits to food supply one must look into the long-term benefits of sustainable actions 2. Biggest difference will come from governmental, top-down policies that better regulate sustainable relationships with the ocean and support sustainable prac... Lire la suitetices whilst not leaving fishermen behind in the transition ▪ Governments should shift subsidies to more sustainable farming practices (such as The Seaweed Company) or provide alternatives for farmers to transition to sustainable practises, supporting them economically and not leaving them behind ▪ Stop blaming consumers for the broken system 3. However, the collective actions of lots of people and changing consumer behaviour through educating them on the ocean’s environmental issues and making it easier for people to live sustainably. This is important as there often exists a vast psychological distance between consumers and the sourcing, journey and impacts of their food. • Personal level: 1. Sustainable packaging, reducing plastic packaging, reuse grocery bags for routine shopping 2. Exercise purchasing power 3. Purchase in bulk 4. Reduce food waste 5. Stop storage of food in plastic for long term to avoid chemical transfer 6. Positive reinforcement for positive action in plastic reduction and plant-based diet advocacy • Community level: 1. Cleaning the rivers and water bodies that feed oceans Increase advocacy 2. Applaud plastic action in plastic cleaning and proper disposal 3. Increased Advocacy 4. Share experiences 5. Enforce by-laws 6. Educate fishermen on how to work sustainably or change their methods (e.g., to aquaculture combined with other practices) and financially incentivise them to cooperate • Government level: 1. Laws to separate organic food from non-organic using non plastic packaging 2. Regulate plastic use for single use (EU single plastic directive) 3. Regulate plastic export since it is now considered hazardous waste like in the UK 4. Incentives to plant-based advocates 5. Invest in better marketing sustainably sourced foods 6. Subsidies for plant-based agricultural production and transition away from subsidizing animal agriculture/ reduce it at least. Importantly, include animal farmers in the transition, help them move to plant-based farming through training, loaning material and supporting them economically 7. Support smallholder farmers more and less support of monopolies, decentralizing the system Lire moins

Main Findings: Part 1: • The ocean is under threat - discuss five drivers- heating, deoxygenation, acidification, marine plastic, and chemical pollution o Global ocean heat content change in the upper 2000m is rising - fish follow warm currents which flux around the globe with currents so these changing currents and temperatures will greatly change fish migration in an arguably unpredictable manner. And we depend too heavily on these stocks of food. o Also we mentioned deoxygenation. Can be activated by ocean warming from climate change. Heating from climate change leads to increasingly sepa... Lire la suiterated water columns as water doesn't mix. So, the circulation of cooler oxygenated water occurs less, and less oxygen is exchanged from the atmosphere into the seas. This causes stress on marine life. Deoxygenation also occurs due to runoff from human activities like in agriculture. Excess nutrient runoff from fertilizers, untreated sewage cause eutrophication and the manifestation of dead zones in our oceans. The ocean lost 2% of its oxygen from 1960-2010. This by extension affects humans, not just aquatic life. Deoxygenation reduces biodiversity, biomass and habitat for fish, leading to reduced fish landings, lower economic profit and adversely affects smaller scale fisheries limited in technology and ability to fish elsewhere. o The rate of marine acidification is alarming. Since industrial revolution, CO2 emission have made the oceans ~30% more acidic. Although it has been as low as today before, this was 20 million years ago, and current life is not adapted to these levels and many may not adapt fast enough to endure it given the fast rate of pH decline. Shellfish and coral (contain Calcium) are weakening, making species vulnerable to predation, infection and developmental abnormalities that decrease fitness. We depend on these species directly or indirectly for food. o Marine plastic and chemical pollution: directly kill all creatures from small invertebrates to large mammals, making food chains less stable and vulnerable to collapse • Many unsustainable practices that are avoidable continue to occur (overfishing, subsidizing fuel for ships, bottom trawling, squid fishing continuously, shark finning only taking fins and dumping the body overboard, transhipments, slavery, bad practise unintentionally catching birds) • The biosphere underpins society and our economy. It is in our best interests to support a planet with strong foundations to support development and improvement of our economies. This requires us to radically change aspects of our ocean food systems to move to more sustainable livelihoods. Part 2: • CEO of The Seaweed Company which provides an ethical solution to the oceans crisis that supports a biodiverse ocean as well as human food production. • Farming greed red and brown seaweed in geographically suitable conditions for these taxonomic groups and supporting local people to set up these farms so they then buy the harvest off them. Decentralising the practice, providing income, and increasing income for smallholder farmers rather than leaving them behind in the move to more sustainable ocean farming after unsustainable practices or market competition puts smallholder farmers out of business, threatening coastal community livelihoods. It also supports ocean regeneration which benefits human health and wellbeing. Lire moins

Major focus: Ocean Solutions: Regenerative farming. Exploring the current problems in our exploitation of oceans and given sustainable farming examples, suggest solutions to the crisis in our ocean. Speakers highlighted the main threats facing our oceans and provided ethical farming solutions (model being The Seaweed Company). Another focus was “In relation to the session topic, what actions can you recommend and how best can they be supported at personal, community or government level that help both ocean biodiversity and human food supply?”

The private sector actors believe that they are doing their best to contribute to research and development whilst academia and researchers believe that the private sector has a lot more role to play in food systems transformation when it comes to setting the agenda for research and in funding research. Private sector actors intimated that researcher do not know how to deal with private sector or businesses and that research cannot be funded without profit generation as the ultimate goal in the short-medium term. Therefore, researchers must know how to work closely with the private sector in or... Lire la suiteder to attract funding. The issues of leadership in the delivery of extension services (dissemination of innovation) was also a point of divergence as stakeholders intimated that the private sector can play the leadership role as the public extension services are woefully inadequate. Lire moins

1. Establishment of a national research fund: We need to prioritize investment in agriculture. Government should set up a dedicated fund purposely to support research. Government should commit to make budgetary allocation to this fund. Private sector should be encouraged to invest in the research fund. 2. Need for private sector participation in collaborating and funding agricultural research. Private sector should collaborate with researchers in setting objective research agenda to drive innovation in Africa. This requires a constructive stakeholder dialogue for a clear transition path. Partn... Lire la suiteership with private sector should be at the onset of research objectives. Research institutions should know how to relate with private sector. The research institutes should coerce the private sector to work with them and give the private sector the advantage of commercializing new products. 3. Governments should more proactively support the development and use of new technologies, including ICTs and biotechnology. There is the need to promote ICT to take advantage of the youth bulge in Africa that portends for a more technology-induced food systems transformation. There is need to develop a digital driven agricultural policy aimed at attracting the youth engagement in food systems. 4. Need to for science research journalism to communicate innovations effectively to end users. The media is too silent, not communicating science-based innovation to the populace. There is the need to train media on science-based communication. 5. Commitment to strengthening the capacities within research institutions. There is need to train more research scientist. Also, there should be more collaboration between universities and research institutions to do basic research on new innovations. Also, strengthen collaboration with advance research institutions. 6. Strengthen research extension farmer linkages. Extension agents should be aware of new innovation developed by researchers and disseminate innovations to farmers. Private extension has role to play in spearheading the transfer of information from the researcher to the farmers. 7. Prioritize food safety issues to reduce postharvest losses. 8. Need for mechanization, irrigation, improved varieties that are adapted locally. Link farmers to reliable markets 9. Improve infrastructure to make technology accessible to farmers. 10. There should be a national focus on developing value chains of key staple crops. Lire moins