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As a launching meeting, the main aim was at officially announcing the event to the general public, inform the main stakeholders and interested parties about the dialogue process and to jointly plan the next coming stages of more discussions and engagement. The event was also an opportunity to reinforce the understanding of food systems to the general public and to guide them on the major challenges and constraints of the overall food systems in Mozambique. This event was equally an opportunity to introduce a systemic solutions and game changers thinking approach to the participants, as a way o... Read moref increasing their awareness to the need of a more holistic approach to identify solutions needed to transform the food systems in the country. Three presentations were given at the event: (1) Food Systems Summit, Dialogues Objectives and Methodologies, (2) Background paper on Food Systems and (3) The status of food systems in Mozambique. Special reference was made to the global guidance on 5 Action tracks 1. Ensuring access to safe and nutritious food for all 2. Shift to sustainable consumption patterns 3. Boost positive production for nature 4. Promote equitable livelihoods 5. Create resilience to vulnerabilities, Mozambique is focusing on 3 priority areas, namely, (1) food system value chains, (2) Sustainable food and nutrition security systems, and (3) Resilience in the face of vulnerability to extreme weather events Read less

There were no major areas of divergence among participants.

• Availability of diversified, safe and nutritious food Challenges: Farmers face a number of obstacles to take their produce in markets in urban areas. Particularly remote access and the char landscape are not so suitable for easy move as they are to cross the river to reach the market. Therefore, farmers are compelled to sell their products to middlemen at low price and get deprived of having fair price. Way Forward: Local animal breeds should be promoted. There is scope for both developing dairy, goatery and poultry as viable activities for both income and nutrition. Fodder production also... Read more needs to be promoted. Indigenous fish breeds should be promoted. Governmental support for the fishers during fish ban period need to be extended by expanding coverage, quantity, and time. Flood and drought-tolerant crop varieties should be promoted. There is a need for the promotion of technology for and training in safe food production. • Transformation, delivery, access and role of private sector Challenges: There are many issues that affect the food chain. Lack of proper transport and handling infrastructure for meat is another challenge. In the case of poultry, the trade is controlled by a poultry syndicate of 3-4 middlemen who exploit the small poultry farmers by buying at low price from them, and then selling to consumers at high price. Packaging is also not done properly with required information like date of manufacture and date of expiry. Cold storage is available for potatoes but not for other vegetables/fruits. Due to lack of storage facility, the rice produced in the district goes out and is brought back at a high cost. Traditional rice mills have been replaced by automated rice mills that polish rice and remove all nutrients. Necessary measures have to be taken to stop this. Way Forward: Problems of excess production, glut and steep fall in price can thereby be avoided. Farmers should be advised based on soil testing as to what crop will grow best in the soil and awareness created on the harmful effects of overuse of chemical fertilizers. Focus crops should be identified at district and sub-division levels for postharvest processing and value addition. Market and storage infrastructure is required and transport infrastructure has to be improved. An adequate number of rice godowns needs to be established so that farmers can get benefits like cold storage for potatoes.. There should be a storage facility in the district to storing an adequate amount of rice for mitigating its own requirement and then supply to other places if there is any surplus. • Consumer behaviour, nutrition, and food safety Challenges: The government is giving more importance to intensify food-based social safety net program in this area. The food environment in local restaurants/bakeries needs improvement. The implementation of food safety regulations and guidelines on hygiene practices needs to be strengthened. There is enough supply of micronutrients, and iron and folic acid tablets are distributed among pregnant and lactating women. However, coverage of nutrition programme is less in urban compared to rural areas. Poverty and lack of education remain the main challenges for the consumption of nutritious foods. Way Forward: Increased awareness regarding balanced diet among both producers and consumers and effective implementation of programmes targeting children, pregnant and lactating women are required. Coverage of nutrition programmes has to be enhanced in urban areas. Need to enhance the awareness programme on healthy diet, food safety, hygiene practices. Mass awareness programme on diversified food consumption is required. • Climate vulnerability, inclusion, and governance Challenges: Natural calamities such as flood and river erosion, and migration are the main challenges of this region. Flood and river erosion is a common phenomenon that displaces many peoples every year. This causes people’s migration, Way forward: - Proper measures for river control may reduce riverbank erosion - Local resource-based industry need to be established - Support for SMEs and new entrepreneurs - awareness raising Read less

Flood management and flood-resilient infrastructure development: As floods and subsequent river erosion are major hindrances in food production and securing sustainable livelihood, long-term and well-planned flood management initiatives are required. Establishment of long-lasting flood control embankments and dams, constructing flood-resilient transportation and communication systems, and integrated water management initiatives to efficiently manage water flows of the major rivers can be some of the measures that will keep food production, transportation, and access to markets uninterrupted du... Read morering floods and other natural disasters. Flood-resilient agricultural practices and crop diversification: Promoting cultivation of flood-resilient crop varieties, reserving flood water or rainwater during monsoon in surface water bodies to be used for irrigation during the dry season, and extending floating/hydroponic cultivation can help to prevent crop loss due to heavy rain and flood. Also, extending cultivation to more profitable crops or cash crops beyond the main crops (paddy, maize, wheat, potato) can increase profitability for farmers. Efficient use of lands/ soils and other natural resources: More efficient use of soils can be ensured by promoting the cultivation of crops according to the soil quality (soil type, micro-nutrients present in the soil), decided through soil testing. Also, the phasing of cropping should be matched with weather conditions and other natural traits. This will enhance productivity and reduce misuse of inputs like fertilizers. Infrastructure development for preservation of crops and food processing facilities: Small farmers sell out their produce (especially rice) right after harvesting, as monsoon and flood come immediately after, and farmers do not have storage facilities to save their crops from the wet weather, even for their own consumption. So they do not get fair price of their product. Unfortunately, farmers and poor families have to buy back those staple crops at the higher price for consumption. Considering this tough condition, the governmental godwan crop loan program needs to be expanded. Additionally, providing small farmers with access to shared storage facilities can end this vicious cycle which makes them poorer. Notably, Government has initiated establish 200 paddy silo across the country aiming to purchase paddy directly from the farmers to ensure their fair price. Moreover, the government has declared 100 economic zones throughout the country where establish of small and medium scale food processing industries are highly encouraged. However, private investment in this sector is crucial and the government shall encourage the private sector by providing low-interest credit facilities.. Preventing loss of nutrients and food values during processing: The staple crops such as, rice and maize lose their micronutrients contained in the brans (the hard outer layers of cereal grains) when those are processed in mills to produce refined grains. The government has started promoting GAP, GMP, GHP etc that is well-coordinated to the Bangladesh Food Safety Authority. Capacity development and awareness building training are being provided so that the quality and safety of food can be kept well. However, technologies are required to process the grains in a way so that the loss of brans can be prevented while milling and whole grain cereals can be produced mechanically for all locally grown crops. This will help to overcome the nutrition deficiency and fortification of staple crops will not be required anymore. Nurturing the dairy and fisheries sector: Kurigram has good prospects to grow as a major player in the dairy industry, as it is rich in milk production. However, it lacks milk chilling, storage, and processing facilities, which is hindering the small farms to grow into large commercial farms. Encouraging public and private investments in the sector and ensuring access to extension services for farmers can ease up the barrier. Also, Kurigram can focus more on fresh water fish culture as it has abundant sources of fresh water, however, support such as, access to inputs (feeds, seeds/fingerlings) and extension services are required for that. Read less

Kurigram is a predominantly rural district in northern Bangladesh, bordering India, with 9 sub-districts and 73 unions. The majority of the population of 2.45 million are primarily dependent on agriculture and allied activities. Three major rivers (Brahmaputra, Dharla, and Teesta) flow through the district creating several chars or riverine islands. The district has 400 chars and flooding is a recurrent problem in the region. Paddy is the main crop. Jute, tobacco and vegetables are also cultivated. Fishery is also a major activity. The district has a very high percentage of population living b... Read moreelow the national poverty line at 71 per cent, compared to the national average of 24 per cent, indicating its backward status. A study in late 2014 revealed that the region was nutritionally insecure with 35.6 per cent children stunted, incidence of child morbidity among three fourth of children and poor levels of sanitation. Now the situation is getting better but there is enormous scope for improvement. Some of the major challenges faced by the dwellers are river erosion, floods, and recurring floods visiting every year. According to the Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB), Kurigram is one of the most erosion-prone districts of the country. People usually lose cultivable lands, crops, homes, and other private property every year. A Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) report shows that all the Upazilas (sub-districts) of the district faced river erosion throughout the years from 2008 to 2011. More recent reports suggest that riverbank erosion has taken a serious turn as Teesta, Dharla, Dudhkumar, and Brahmaputra rivers in Kurigram swell due to incessant rainfall and onrush of water from India. In 2020, around 500 acres of farmland and 430 houses of Kurigram vanished into the Teesta in just two months. As people become landless, the rate of migration (forced migration) is very high, especially among the char-dwellers, which makes it more difficult to bring them under any social safety net coverage or public services. Institutional response and policy interventions are required for sustainable rehabilitation of the people displaced by riverbank erosions. Integrated infrastructural development is required to prevent riverbank erosion and loss of private and public properties in the Sirajganj-Kirugram-Gaibandha basin. Besides, efficient management of water flows of the transboundary rivers (Jamuna, Brahmaputra, Teesta) is required as a long-term solution to the recurring floods. Kurigram district is now self-sufficient in food-grain production particularly rice. There is also diversified production of vegetables. There are nutrition councils at the district and sub-district levels, national nutrition week is observed and nutrition advocacy is undertaken with the help of NGOs. There are ongoing pilot programs like the distribution of zinc fortified rice to vulnerable populations through the public food distribution programs, and nutrient-fortified biscuits to school students. The COVID-19 pandemic and closure of schools have affected the dissemination of nutrition messages to some extent. Convergence between different departments and bringing together people’s representatives, civil society organizations and youth on one platform will help. Data gaps have to be addressed, to enhance effective delivery. Read less

There were no major areas of divergence among participants. In fact, some similar issues were raised and common recommendations were made across the groups.

• Availability of diversified, safe and nutritious food Challenges: As the area is inundated by water, cultivation of vegetables is limited in the area. Those who grow more vegetables they cannot sell those vegetables to other markets for better profits due to limited transportation facility available during floods/ rainy season. Mechanization of agriculture in haor areas has been low. There are many areas in the haor basin which do not have irrigation facility and thus, those lands cannot be brought under cultivation during the dry season. Most of the fishers are very poor and earn little, ... Read morefishers are having problems with high transport cost. The cattle are of comparatively lower weights and productivity, and returns are low. Also, poor families often have to sell off their cattle at a very low price during flood/ rainy season due to crisis of food availability. During the eight months of inundation, women. Although haor areas produce ample fish, most of them are sold to Dhaka or other big cities, and local people do not get to eat enough fish. Way Forward: Floating cultivation of vegetables can be a solution to produce vegetables in the rainy season, as is done widely in the Barishal region. During the period immediately after the rainy season and the beginning of the dry season, some short-duration (quick yielding) vegetables can be cultivated. Unutilized lands should be brought under cultivation for agricultural expansion. More fish culture should be encouraged. Catching female spawning fishes/ brood fishes should be stopped. Cattle rearing and duck farming should be modernized with scientific interventions. Integrated fish and poultry farming should be promoted. • Transformation, delivery, access and role of private sector Challenges: The main rivers of Sunamganj have issues of navigability, and this is directly or indirectly reducing fish assemblage, and amplifying the effects of habitat destruction. Small roads that connect different unions with sub-districts are not sufficient here. The number and capacity of storage structures are not up to the required level. There is limited crop diversification. Way Forward: It is necessary to construct small roads in Haor areas so that farmers can easily transport their agricultural produce to the mainland. It is essential to establish adequate number of cold storage/warehouses for proper storage of perishable food items.Training should be provided to the farmers to reduce pre-harvest, during harvest and post-harvest loss; o sow high yielding deepwater rice. •Consumer behaviour, nutrition, and food safety Challenges: Due to its geographical context, only one harvest is observed in the haor region. There is also lack of agricultural diversification. Poverty, low level of education, and lack of awareness remain barriers for healthy food consumption. There is a lack of diversity in food consumption. Rice is consumed as the main source of energy, dry fish and red meat are also consumed but there is low consumption of fruits and vegetables. Local fish is exported to other regions affecting the supply of local fish in the market and leading to high price. Fruits and vegetable production is low and is imported from other regions. Way Forward: Enhanced nutrition knowledge and awareness are required, especially among school children. Strengthen vitamin A supplementation and capacity of EPI (Expanded Programme on Immunization) Centres are required. Enhance consumer awareness on food adulteration, use of pesticides etc. Ensure food safety of the processed foods. Enhance production of vegetables and fruits. • Climate vulnerability, inclusion, and governance years local biodiversity is being affected due to imprudent exploitation of aquaculture resources and water pollution from water-boat engine oil. Access to some of the Upazila is difficult due to problems of river navigation. Seasonal unemployment is comparatively higher in this region. Way Forward: Farmers are being encouraged to harvest early Harvesting flood-resistant paddy will help minimize the crisis. The construction of dams can be an effective solution to save the boro crops from flash floods. Read less

Private Sector Involvement: There is scope to involve the private sector in this region and they can work together with the government to increase the diversification of agricultural production (such as flood resilient/ deepwater rice variety). To do this, utilizing the government’s khas land will be helpful for increasing production. Improvement in the mode of Communications: To reach people of this region as well as exporting surplus production, adequate protection facilities is required for roadways from flash floods/heavy rainfall and an efficient storage system are needed. Modernization... Read more of fish Acts: Proper enforcement and modernization of Protection and Conservation of Fish Act (1950), amended by the Protection and Conservation (Amendment) Ordinance (1982) is required, incorporating fishing ban for spawning/ breeding period in haors, stopping catches of female spawning/ brood fishes, limiting catches of small fishes, compensation mechanism for fishers during ban periods, and limiting use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Ensuring proper utilization of local resources and potentials: Unutilized lands (lands left unused owned by migrants, kandas) should be brought under agricultural activities through irrigation and land use ownership initiatives. Small scale fish culture, integrated fish and poultry farming, cattle rearing, duck farming, homestead vegetable gardening, and floating cultivation should be promoted which have good prospects considering the local resources. Ensuring proper access to extension services, financial facilities, and skill development training are some prerequisites for that. Expanding income-generating options: Due to geographic conditions, people usually remain employed in the boro season. They have a minimum option for work in other seasons which is also true for other parts of Bangladesh. Alternative income generating activities, especially work and small businesses that can be operated from homes should be promoted using local opportunities and resources. Small and cottage industries should be encouraged. These should be targeted more at women as almost 50% of the total district population are female. Govt. is also paying attention in this regard. But the interventions should be strengthened. Awareness Raising: People need to be more aware of nutrition and food safety. Those who are involved with the production and the supply chain need relevant and adequate capacity and skill development, especially on addressing post-harvest loss and growing climate-resilient crops. Tourism and effect on Environment: Sunamganj is regarded as a tourist spot and has a good number of people visiting almost through the year. Local administration can formulate rules for tourists to protect and keep the environment clean and safeguard the ecosystem. By doing this, it will be possible to both have tourism as one of the options of livelihood and economic activity and protect the environment. Read less

Sunamganj is a representation of the wetland ecosystem in the north eastern part of Bangladesh, collectively called haor and spread across 80000 square kilometres. Haor, physically is a bowl or saucer shaped shallow depression, also known as a back-swamp. During monsoon haors receive surface runoff water from rivers and canals to become vast stretches of turbulent water. There are as many as 423 small or large Haors in Bangladesh. The core Haor area, alternatively referred to as the Haor basin or the Sylhet basin, is estimated to spread over an area of 25,000 square kilometers. The Haor basin ... Read moreis a mosaic of wetland habitats including rivers, streams, irrigation canals, large areas of seasonally flooded cultivated plains, and hundreds of Haors and beels. This wetland area is crisscrossed by numerous rivers coming down from hills in India with a huge amount of runoff water that frequently cause flash flood and cause extensive flooding routinely during the monsoons. The topography of Haor regions is uneven. In terms of geographical elevation, they are lower than the normal plane lands. Virtually, all of this land is below 8 meters and is flooded for 7- 8 months to depths of 5 meters or more during the monsoon. The total area of Sunamganj district is 3747.2 sq. km. of which 16.28 sq. km. are under forest. The district nestled in the haor region has young piedmonts plain, a gentle sloping landscape mainly consisting of loamy sediments subject to shallow flooding. In the central part, the soil contains blush silty clay of the Surma, Kushiyara old flood plain basin. The main rivers and rivulets flowing through the district are Surma, Kushiyara, Jadukata, Kamarkhali, Kalni, Nokunda, Bowai, Nitai, Sonai, Gunai, Somesswari and Nawa. Most of them are tributaries of the two main rivers, Surma and Kushiyara, which are non-tidal and navigable throughout the year by country boats. The flowing length of the rivers is about 195 kms (120 miles). The economy of Sunamganj is predominantly agricultural. Out of total 387,205 land holdings in the district, 53.39 % of holdings are farms that produce a variety of crops: local and HYV rice, wheat, vegetables, jute, spices, cash crops, pulses, oilseeds and others. Various fruits like, pineapple, banana, mango, guava, jackfruit, black berries, coconut, orange, and dates are grown. Pineapples and oranges especially, grow in abundance. Besides crops, livestock and fishery are other main sources of household income. Fish of different varieties are caught from rivers, tributary channels, creeks, and haors and even from paddy fields during the rainy season. Sunamganj is a major source of freshwater fish; Tanguar Haor is the largest inland billabong for aquaculture. The total cultivated area in seven north-eastern Haor districts is about 1.26 million hectares of which 0.68 million hectares is under wetlands. Boro (rice)-Fallow-Fallow is the dominant cropping pattern in the entire Haor basin. Water remains either stagnant or in form of flash floods during the months of June to November and mainly Boro rice (winter rice cultivated from November to May under irrigation) is grown in the Rabi season (mid-November to April). Flood, especially flash floods causes severe damage to Boro rice just before harvesting almost every year. In recent years, the situation has been improved due to interventions undertaken by govt. Due to the pragmatic actions taken by govt., most of the boro harvesting has been done faster using mechanical harvesting/agriculture mechanization. Govt. is providing 70% subsidies for haor area’s agriculture mechanization. Considering this context, govt. is paying more attention to climate-vulnerable areas including haor and coastal districts. The haors also contribute approximately 10% of the total capture fisheries production of Bangladesh. However, this amount has reduced over time due to unmanaged destruction of swamp forest as a result of limited conservation practices by the competent authority, uncontrolled collection of wood for fuel and house construction, agricultural intensification, urbanization, environmental degradation and pollution, and climate change. Read less

Dentro de las áreas de divergencia de la región está el tema de articulación de actores y seguimiento de políticas públicas relacionadas con la alimentación saludable y sostenibilidad del sistema alimentario. Se indicó que existían programas por cada ministerio, pero había una desarticulación entre los sectores, por ejemplo, en los programas del área de salud y educación, o de agricultura y desarrollo social. Es por eso que se planteó la necesidad de fortalecer el trabajo en conjunto para que puedan cumplir mejor los objetivos propuestos. Así mismo se indica la importancia de co... Read morentar con un mapeo de estos actores para fortalecer alianzas público/privadas en la comercialización y educación de alimentos saludables, descongestionando otras instituciones donde la población siempre está acudiendo a ellas para orientación con estas temáticas. Read less

Las conclusiones más relevantes fueron: ● MEJORAR ACCESO ECONÓMICO Y FÍSICO DE ALIMENTOS SALUDABLES: mayor disponibilidad, asegurar continuidad y mejorar accesibilidad física/ espacial a alimentos saludables. A través de fortalecimiento de ferias libres, mercados locales y caletas de pescadores. Incorporar legislación o medidas económicas como subsidios o franjas de precios a alimentos saludables e impuestos alimentos no saludables, implementar medidas para potenciar menor costo de frutas y verduras, pescados, legumbres, carnes magras y mayor costo alimentos no saludable y comida chat... Read morearra. Estos instrumentos económicos son una inversión a largo plazo, pero con alto retorno en el bienestar y estado de salud de las personas.Generar acciones desde el Estado para promover la venta de productos marinos y apoyar a productores primarios, tales como subsidiar carros con congeladores, acortando la cadena productiva, que encarece el producto final. ● EDUCACIÓN TRASVERSAL: Integración de profesionales en educación y salud desde los nutricionistas como parte de la planta básica de contratación. Educación alimentaria a través de medios de comunicación masiva. Otra sugerencia es tarificar con precios más altos a la publicidad de alimentos no saludables por sobre los saludables, fomentando la publicidad de alimentos saludables, respecto de los no saludables. ● FORTALECER RED DE ACTORES PÚBLICO-PRIVADO: para fomentar y fortalecer todos los actores e iniciativas regionales del sistema alimentario, se propuso generar un mapa regional de actores interesados y relacionados en alimentación saludable, incluyendo actores públicos, municipios, actores privados y sociedad civil. Los municipios son vitales para identificar ferias, mercados y organizaciones de consumidores. Esto permitirá apoyar y fortalecer mercados, ferias libres con alianzas público/privadas, descongestionar y descomprimir instituciones y la población tendría mayor acceso a esta información. También se recomienda que la academia pueda prestar servicios a los comedores y ollas comunas, respecto al manejo de la norma sanitaria y la manipulación de alimentos, y crear programas de asesoría de micro-emprendimientos y proceso productivo, promoviendo la alimentación saludable. El rol de la sociedad civil es vital, mediante el empoderamiento para generar abogacía y así impulsar cambios de políticas públicas. ● MÁS ESPECIALISTAS EN LOS PROGRAMAS: se recomienda asegurar la continuidad de los programas de alimentación e incrementar recursos humanos para prevención de enfermedades no transmisibles, en entornos con mayor cercanía con comunidad, como centros de atención primaria, escuelas, sedes vecinales, entre otros. ● PROMOVER MAYOR TIEMPO PARA PREPARACIONES EN CASA: para poder tener tiempo suficiente para preparar alimentos saludables en el hogar, y también políticas públicas que permitan la educación alimentaria. Los empleadores podrían asegurar los tiempos para la alimentación saludable y actividad física de sus trabajadores. ● INCLUIR LA ALIMENTACIÓN SALUDABLE EN LA CONSTITUCIÓN: Se sugiere que el país tenga la conversación para garantizar la alimentación saludable desde la nueva constitución, y complementar por medio del subsidio legal de la compra. Partir de base de garantizar a la población el derecho a la alimentación, de forma concreta y explicita. Esto permitirá generar estrategias para hacer llegar a población alimentos que requieren. ● GENERAR POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS VINCULADAS AL TERRITORIO: Se sugiere implementar políticas públicas según el territorio y su disponibilidad para acceder a los alimentos según las necesidades, con pertinencia cultural. Políticas medio ambientales de regulación del suelo y el agua para que estuvieran concordancia con la alimentación. ● APOYAR A LAS PEQUEÑAS EMPRESAS Y HACER CIRCUITOS CORTOS: Reducción de impuestos y apoyos a pequeñas empresas para la producción alimentación saludable a nivel nacional y no sólo internacional. Hay que acercar los productores al consumidor. Read less

● FALTA ACCESO ECONÓMICO Y FÍSCO A ALIMENTOS SALUDABLES: Hay dificultades del acceso de los alimentos saludables, como frutas y verduras, en todos los sectores de la región, siendo más accesible para personas con mayores recursos y que pueden pedirlas por delivery. Por ejemplo, en los cerros no existe el despacho al hogar, además, hay más lugares donde venden comida chatarra y es más económica. También, las frutas y verduras son aún más caras en los territorios periféricos, por el costo de la logística de distribución. Las personas deben priorizar el pago de sus cuentas básica... Read mores en desmedro de productos más saludables a mayor precio. Falta mayor cantidad de ferias libres, mejores condiciones de acceso a ellas, acercándola a los barrios. Al existir menos lugares de acceso aumentan el precio de frutas y verduras. Hay mayor presencia de supermercados por sobre comerciantes locales, ferias libres, lo que disminuye la calidad de alimentos para los consumidores. ● LA RED DE ACTORES RELACIONADOS CON LOS SISTEMAS ALIMENTARIOS NO ESTÁ COORDINADA: Se sugiere que se realice mayor coordinación desde los niveles centrales la coordinación entre direcciones regionales de organismos, municipios y actores locales, ya que existe falta de de coordinación entre organismos públicos. Carencia de metas e incentivos en los programas de alimentación escolar y complementario para cumplir metas conjuntas relacionadas a alimentación saludable. Se recomienda supervisión y acompañamiento en ferias libres, comedores solidarios, y aplicación de etiquetado nutricional en los distintos entornos. Faltan ferias y mercados campesinos en sectores populares, presencia de ollas comunes, hay escasez de recursos financieros, una baja de ingresos acrecentada en pandemia. Acciones quedan en papeles y palabras. Se sugiere usar tecnologías y generar alianzas público-privadas para fomentar la alimentación saludable. ● EDUCACIÓN DE ALIMENTOS SALUDABLES, NUTRICIÓN Y SISTEMAS AGROPECUARIOS: se sugiere hacer educación alimentaria desde establecimientos educacionales, ya que los resultados de malnutrición en escolares no son muy alentadores. Incluir a las familias y a la comunidad sobre la higiene y cuidado de los alimentos, ya que los adultos también presentan altos noveles de malnutrición y enfermedades no transmisibles. Hay un factor transversal; determinantes sociales en salud que definen que las personas se enfermen o no, marcando diferencias grandes respecto presencia enfermedades, conocimientos técnicos y empíricos. Falta comunicación de riesgos de la malnutrición y enfermedades asociadas. Además se plantea que las personas no tienen conocimientos suficientes para cultivar sus propios alimentos y hacer una correcta elección de alimentos (desde punto de vista nutricional, inocuidad alimentaria, potenciar aportes nutricionales), sobre todo en sectores más populares. Por eso se propone que educar masivamente, por ejemplo, a través de la televisión, y restringir y crear incentivos para disminuir la propaganda de comida chatarra como se hizo con el consumo de tabaco. ● SE REQUIEREN PROGRAMAS DE ALIMENTACIÓN PARA SITUACIONES DE EMERGENCIAS: Contar con una red de apoyo efectiva para la población, en casos de emergencias sanitarias y poder entregar a la población la seguridad de que pondrán contar con acceso de alimentos. Esto debe venir articulado de Gobierno a nivel nacional y en gobiernos locales. Ello para enfrentar la seguridad o certeza para las personas en la continuidad del acceso físico y económico a la alimentación. Los comedores solidarios se preocupan de brindar alimentos saludables, como legumbres, verduras, pescados, lo anterior en base a donaciones. ● CONSIDERAR LA ESCASEZ DE TIEMPO PARA PREPARA ALIMENTOS SALUDABLES: Tiempo para preparaciones y comidas saludables implican mayor tiempo de preparación. ● DESCONOCIMIENTO DE ALIMENTOS SALUDABLES: Por ejemplo, existe poca promoción del consumo de alimentos marinos en la canasta alimentaria familiar. Read less