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Healthier diets The first discussion topic in the Dialogue centred around the conception of a “healthier” diet and dietary composition in Nigeria. The first issue that was raised was the complicated nature of Nigeria’s Food-Based Dietary Guidelines such that they cannot be easily communicated to people. Moreover, Nigeria is currently experiencing a triple burden of malnutrition (food insecurity, micronutrient malnutrition, overweight and obesity status rising). This has very significant costs, especially over time, as the rising malnutrition rates increase the need for healthcare to the ... Read morenon-communicable diseases (NCDs) which result from poor diet. Participants also highlighted the considerable issues regarding the design and implementation of nutrition policy due to the state/federal system. The federal level cannot force states to adopt a policy but effort has been made to call council level meetings which have the state organs present in order to encourage them to implement and domesticate nutrition policies at the state level, for example policies regarding nutrition-sensitive agriculture, cassava and orange-fleshed sweet potatoes. A further problem in implementation and policy design has arisen due to the siloed nature of thinking on nutrition, with it widely considered to be a health issue as opposed to an issue warranting a multisectoral approach. Therefore, in order to strengthen the concept of healthier diets in Nigeria coherence between state and federal policy needs to be made, as well as a concerted effort to embrace a multi-sector approach. Furthermore, whilst Nigeria is undoubtedly facing extensive challenges in policy design and implementation, there is also considerable diversity within the large, complex country exacerbating these problems. Specifically, the concept of healthier diets speaks more to the urban population who tend to experience a higher level of accessibility to food compared to the rural population whose problems often focus on a lack of access to food, as opposed to which types of food they are eating. Participants therefore raised concerns with the trend within the international community to move past caloric intake towards healthier diets, without addressing this massive ongoing issue of food shortages. Read less

One of the main areas of discussion in the Dialogue was the conception of a “healthier” diet, the current policy frameworks regarding nutrition in Nigeria and the challenges that exist with regard to their implementation. Here, the main finding was a need to enhance stronger interaction and coherence between State and federal policy creation and implementation for a concerted effort to embrace a multi-sector approach to nutrition. A second main finding was an agreement that whilst addressing malnutrition as a major issue facing Nigerians, the international community’s trend to move past ... Read morecaloric intake towards healthier diets represents a worrying trend which ignores massive issues regarding food availability. The second main area of discussion focuses on the interventions that could address the challenge of increasing availability of food (production-side interventions) and for the consumption of “healthier” diets. One of the main findings here was a need to increase agricultural research on the food system. Only with improved data on the food system can effective interventions be implemented to create a sustainable food system transformation in Nigeria. Other findings included an identification of the possibility of increasing social protection, the consumption of biofortified crops, and the delivery of nutrition education, especially when provided with consideration to cultural and seasonal variation. Read less

The Dialogue was an exploration of the nexus of food security, nutrition and climate change in Nigeria with a specific view to receiving inputs on reasonable steps towards a food system transition pathway to healthier diets in Nigeria. Specifically, the focus of the Dialogue was to receive inputs and feedback from stakeholders on proposed context-sensitive healthy diets, what they view to be the criteria and consideration for healthier diets and food system transformation, and the possible interventions and policies to achieve this based on their prior experience and opinion on potential opp... Read moreortunities.     Read less

The central area of divergence in the Dialogue was whether the key challenge facing food system transformation in Malawi is the lack of implementation or policy gaps. On the one hand, some stakeholders felt that there are a lot of policies and strategy plans in Malawi, but what is lacking is implementation and the translation of these policies into policy. Donors often focus their support on the production of policy documents and frameworks, but less on their implementation. From this perspective, what is lacking is the will and support to bring policies together to the extent that they are fu... Read morended and operationalised. Specifically, in Malawi, institutional and resource capacities are not necessarily the issue, but the lack of tools and funding to implement programmes. However, on the other hand some stakeholders felt that whilst there are implementation problems in Malawi, this does not negate the remaining challenges regarding policy frameworks and capacity challenges. Importantly, there is a need for consistency across ministries. There are often good policies but they are isolated and do not talk to each other, operating instead in silos. For example, there are nutrition education guidance strategic policies that indicate the importance of nutritional frontline workers but at the moment most people are volunteers who lack support. Such transformative policies need to be emphasised more both so that other policies align with their priorities but also so that more is invested into their implementation. The second issue of divergence was over the extent to which sustainability should be considered in the food systems transformation in Malawi. It was fairly unanimously expressed that sustainability is a concerning issue and investments should be directed towards this, but divergence occurred over the extent to which sustainability should be prioritised compared to other pressing issues, such as malnutrition and poverty. For example, it was questioned whether as emissions from Malawi are quite low compared to other countries, it was unfair to ask Malawi to grow its agricultural economy without increasing its emissions. However, other stakeholders felt that it was not a simple issue of emissions and GHGs. They felt that whilst emissions and GHGs are important issues, there are other issues of soil degradation and lack of water (especially at the end of the dry season) that must be considered. Importantly, production is context specific and different levels need to be considered, which is often understated in the dialogues. For example, solar-related community level technologies or the use of firewood offer innovative opportunities to addressing the nexus of food security, nutrition and climate change, but they require more articulation and awareness. In particular, the visibility of climate change issues in nutrition spaces is often very low. Ultimately, there is a need to better understand trade-offs between nutrition, equity, and climate outcomes at both the micro and macro level. Read less

With regard to the discussion regarding healthier diets, participants highlighted that nutrition education and greater policy frameworks are needed to promote the awareness, and utilisation, of the existing body of knowledge on nutritious foods and food safety. Even with increased production, education in terms of end products that can be created from the diversified crops is required. Currently, there is a lack of knowledge on the uses of certain nutritious crops. In this sense, progress towards healthier diets could be achieved by the sharing of recipes around the use of nutritious crops, su... Read morech as orange-fleshed sweet potatoes, to increase their consumption and utilisation. Alternatively, there are opportunities for increasing nutritional outcomes through the introduction dietary guidelines in school feeding or in improvements to the provision of food in boarding schools. Such curriculum changes would work towards addressing the nutritional challenges and stereotypes that emerge at an early age. However, it was raised that it is unclear how effective knowledge dissemination is in triggering behaviour changes, especially of ingrained actions and beliefs. A second intervention that emerged strongly from the Dialogue was the role of nutrition frontline workers. In this regard, it was considered that the provisions for frontline workers are available in Malawi, but implementation is lacking. Indeed, implementation challenges emerged strongly from the Dialogue as a key bottleneck for Malawian food system transformation as opposed to an absence of policy frameworks. However, on the other hand, additional policy frameworks are still needed on the taxation of unhealthy foods, so people find healthy foods affordable and better to access cost-wise. Finally, whilst Malawi has food groups, there is a need to establish creating Food-Based Dietary Guidelines and their consistent implementation across the government. Read less

One of the key issues that emerged from the discussions was the affordability and accessibility of nutritious foods in Malawi. Some participants noted the continued need for supply-side interventions, especially those with a focus on improving the production and preservation of foods. These would have nutritional benefits by covering seasonal gaps and covering micro-nutrient gaps. In particular, nutritional benefits have been observed from orange-fleshed sweet potatoes and biofortified foods such as pro-vitamin A maize and iron-fortified beans. However, there are several anticipated challenges... Read more to achieving increased production and diversification. For example, the increasing shift of the fertiliser subsidy programme towards increasing maize production, which although beneficial from a production perspective, is nutritionally problematic as relatively cheap staples increase compared to more nutritionally beneficial foods. To overcome these challenges, there is a need for incentives or financing mechanisms to create an enabling environment for start-ups and entrepreneurship which would encourage farmers to take risks and diversify their production, and potentially explore commercial productions. Other participants highlighted the fortification program in Malawi which was deemed to be fairly good. Alternatively, the key issue identified was whether it was affordable to the people that needed it. Here, subsidies or community level fortification were identified as actions that could be taken to make biofortified foods more accessible to the communities that require them. Read less

The main areas of discussion in the Dialogue were the role of interventions that diversify production and increase the production of nutritious foods, the need for an increase in nutrition education and educational awareness of healthier diets, and the role of policy frameworks and legislation in sustainable food system transformation. One of the main findings of the Dialogue was the need to explore the nexus of food security, nutrition and climate change in greater depth so that food system transformation and the policies to bring it about are cross-cutting and not considered in silos. Other ... Read morefindings included an identification of the need to start the process of constructing Food-Based Dietary Guidelines for Malawi which can be implemented consistently across the government, and an awareness of a lack of resources for implementation of existing policies and interventions that could bring about sustainable food system transformation. Specifically, in Malawi there are lots of policies and strategy plans, and a lot of support, especially from donors, focuses on the production of these documents, as opposed to their implementation. Focus needs to be given to the translation of these frameworks into policy. Read less

The Dialogue was an exploration of the nexus of food security, nutrition and climate change in Malawi with a specific view to receiving inputs on reasonable steps towards a food system transition pathway to healthier diets in Malawi. Specifically, the focus of the Dialogue was to receive inputs and feedback from stakeholders on proposed context-sensitive healthy diets, what they view to be the criteria and consideration for healthier diets and food system transformation, and the possible interventions and policies to achieve this based on their prior experience and opinion on potential opportu... Read morenities. Read less

There were no major areas of divergence in this Dialogue. A small area of divergence emerged with regard to the increasing proportion of Ethiopians who are consuming street food or food not produced at home. Whilst some stakeholders proposed this to be an important issue that needed attention, others held that eating out is still not a common feature of consumption for the majority of people and was instead linked to higher income, urban groups. It was agreed that this should be considered as an area of concern, but should not be prioritised compared to other food system challenges and interve... Read morentions. Read less

Dietary frameworks and policies A further discussion topic focussed on the application and relevance of dietary policy frameworks in Ethiopia, especially in light of the development of Ethiopia’s Food and Nutrition Strategy 2030 which contains a number of policy actions to consider in order to transition towards a more sustainable food system. Here, there were two important outcome points. The first point regarded a need to identify a method to observe and measure the implementation and adoption of these guidelines. For example, the Strategy proposes to ban the advertising of 'unhealthy' foo... Read moreds, which is a problem in the country at the moment, however it is unclear how this would be implemented and what kind of institutional changes would be needed to meet the requirements of this guideline. The second outcome of this discussion was an identification that a one size fits all conception of healthy diets is not applicable in Ethiopia. The actual diets of Ethiopians is both affected by culture, for example affected by Orthodox Christian beliefs and fasting periods, and highly resource-driven. It is one thing to recommend policies and interventions for food system transformation, but it is another whether it is feasible and plausible to achieve them. Therefore, there is a need to study communities individually and propose realistic, evidence-based solutions for them. This was further explored in the Dialogue with reference to the Ethiopian value chain; in particular, that the price of vegetables or fruits varies massively depending on the region and season in question which poses a significant accessibility limitation on healthy diets and the applicability of broad policy frameworks. Read less

One of the key areas of discussion of the Dialogue was the possible interventions that could be adopted to progress towards sustainable food system transformation in Ethiopia. One of the major issues that arose out of the Dialogue as hindering Ethiopians from having a healthy and nutritious diet was the affordability and accessibility of food items, with fruit and vegetables tending to be more costly than other food items. In consideration of this issue, two potential areas of intervention were raised; market development and integration so that production and seasonality are separate from cons... Read moreumption, and exploration into Public-Private-Partnerships, particularly as they relate to the growing and selling of nutrition food, which was deemed to be particularly relevant for Ethiopia as a net importer of food. However, in part this challenge is linked to issues of seasonality with certain types of foods, particularly fruits, only being available in certain time periods leading to variation in consumption. This is particularly an issue in rural areas where there is a lower prevalence of imported goods. Therefore, it was highlighted that alongside market development and integration, there is a need for supply-side interventions which boost the production of nutritious and diverse foods. In particular, interventions which scale up the production of wild fruits and plants such as spirulina, moringa and wild berries were mentioned due to their high nutritional value and contribution. Finally, linked to this is overarching need of rural development with many communities, especially in rural areas, lacking water sources, not only to grow the vegetables but also to cook the vegetables, and lack of sources of cooking energy. This elucidated how sustainable food systems transformation cannot occur by working in silos, or merely focusing on food security interventions, but must incorporate cross-cutting policies and adopt a multi-sector approach. Another major area of challenge and potential intervention that was raised by participants was the role of nutrition education as an entry point to try to address some of the key issues facing the Ethiopian food system. Here, it was noted that a key difficulty is ensuring that nutrition education is cost effective and is communicated to people in an easily comprehendible manner. Several policy interventions were raised as potential game-changing solutions to this problem. Many participants vocalised the possibility of increasing the number of educated nutrition professionals and targeting adolescents to maximise the likelihood of triggering behaviour change. This would overcome one of the key challenges in Ethiopia of the lack of skills to process, cook and preserve food. Alternatively, it was suggested that nutrition education should be more closely linked with the school feeding programs and university feeding programs, as in Ethiopia there is a large public university system which is boarding and so provides food. This offers a potential platform to provide healthier foods and increase nutritional awareness which can affect future consumption patterns and ultimately affect crop choices. A further proposed platform for nutrition education was linked to the Orthodox Christian beliefs and fasting periods. Currently, the fasting period is seen as a constraint to healthier diets, however Dialogue participants raised the possibility of using it is a platform to promote healthier diets. However, one of the key challenges identified in nutrition education campaigns is that implementation of development programs, especially those concerning nutrition, is often not as good as design. Participants used the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) to illustrate this as despite consciously trying to be nutrition sensitive, it often does not have any significant effect on nutrition outcomes. It was noted that often there is impact in terms of caloric availability and consumption, especially at the household level in terms of quality and diversity, but due to inadequate contact between mothers and health extension workers, there is limited impact on children’s diet and nutrition indicators. Read less

The main areas of discussion in the Dialogue were the role of interventions that diversify production and increase the production of nutritious foods, the need for an increase in nutrition education and educational awareness of healthier diets, and the role of policy frameworks and legislation in sustainable food system transformation. The overarching finding from the Dialogue was the need to consider policy interventions as a package rather than just sole programs. For example, supply side interventions to encourage the production of nutritious crops need to be accompanied by interventions wh... Read moreich encourage market development and integration in order to overcome issues of affordability and seasonality in Ethiopia. Similarly, the provision of seeds without nutrition education about how to grow and cook the produce will not be effective. Sustainable food system transformation therefore requires a package of interventions and a long-term horizon. This links to another of the main findings of the Dialogue; that nutrition education is an important step in any policy roadmap that attempts to progress towards sustainable food system transformation. There are many opportunities for this ranging from school curriculum and school feeding programs to the promotion of diverse dietary intakes during the Orthodox Christian fasting period. It is necessary to explore this area further to ensure that interventions are both cost-effective and have an impact beyond caloric increases. The final main finding of this Dialogue regards the adoption of policy frameworks. Whilst Ethiopia is adopting a Food and Nutrition Strategy 2030, trade-offs will be necessary between these ideal standards and what is feasible. Importantly, it is important to consider the regional and seasonal variations in Ethiopian diets, as well as the affordability of nutritious foods. It is there necessary to ensure that implemented interventions take account of diversity and are context specific. Read less

The Dialogue was an exploration of the nexus of food security, nutrition and climate change in Ethiopia with a specific view to receiving inputs on reasonable steps towards a food system transition pathway to healthier diets in Ethiopia. Specifically, the focus of the Dialogue was to receive inputs and feedback from stakeholders on proposed context-sensitive healthy diets, what they view to be the criteria and consideration for healthier diets and food system transformation, and the possible interventions and policies to achieve this based on their prior experience and opinion on potential opp... Read moreortunities. Read less

No areas of divergence

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The main findings of the dialogue have been discussed for each session by developing actions and commitments for each of the described area. For the section “Reducing agri-food losses in the steps from agricultural production to distribution” the following actions have been proposed: Identification of the agri-food sectors with major waste, mapping the critical points and the cause-effect links that contribute to the losses, implementing actions and monitoring their effect; Reduction of the production variability and precision agriculture; Reduction of losses from pathogens and parasites a... Read morend applications of agricultural practices that favor the achievement of productions close to the productive potential of crops, in particular by promoting soil health and the use of slow-release fertilizers; Reduce rigidity to commercial aesthetic standards and offer the consumer non-standard products, but with sufficient organoleptic quality, at a lower price. More efficient and sustainable production and collection systems; Improve the conditions of transport, processing and storage of agricultural products. Agri-food education and continuous training of the supply chain operators; Guidelines, certification and branding; Supply chain and exchange between companies; research and technology transfer. For the section ”Increasing the recovery of agri-food surpluses in order to improve the distribution and access to food by all” the following actions have been proposed: communication and training; sales at discounted prices, donations for social purposes and / or for animal feed; Innovation. For the section “promoting the prevention of food waste at home and outside” the following actions have been proposed: promoting greater knowledge of food by encouraging correct eating habits and promoting major home economics; collecting real qualitative-quantitative data on the situation of food waste in catering and at home with targeted monitoring, trying to go beyond the mere measurement and taking into account also the behaviours, Awareness and education of the population towards the problem of food waste, participatory school lunch service, and anti-waste collective catering; establishment of a stricter regulatory framework with increased taxation on waste creation, and creation of information systems on existing regulations, encourage the discovery of new technological solutions, system vision of the entire agri-food chain, Innovative marketing systems and application of more sustainable sales and consumption practices, sustainable conversion of domestic waste with circular economy principles, use of technological and non-technological supports for the distribution of food surpluses. , For the section “ promoting the adoption of a healthy and sustainable diet, such as the Mediterranean Diet, accessible to all, in particular to sections of the population depleted by the pandemic” the following actions have been proposed: Re-launch the Mediterranean Diet as a healthy and sustainable lifestyle, Supporting and innovating local and quality agri-food production, Communicating, translating and adapting the Mediterranean Diet to other cultures, Promoting scientific and technical comparison on the Mediterranean Diet at an international level. Read less

The reduction of agri-food losses, the recovery of surpluses for a better availability of food, the prevention of waste at home and outside the home, the adoption of a healthy diet, sustainable and accessible to all, represent a challenge for our country and for the whole world, made particularly urgent by the pandemic crisis. With this in mind, the principles of the Mediterranean Diet as a model for promoting the objectives of the UN 2030 Agenda for sustainable development, with its added value linked to the number of epidemiological studies supported by solid scientific data, the enhancement... Read more of the person and recovery food education linked to the history of the territory and the preservation of biodiversity, represent essential values ​​for stimulating the adoption of models of responsible production and consumption, also and above all with respect to the strong increase in the difficulty of accessing food with a consequent increase in food poverty during the Covid 19 pandemic. The Mediterranean Diet proposed as a sustainable nutritional strategy to reduce waste and better distribute resources by enhancing the link with history and the territory with solid scientific bases, also as a necessary element to change eating habits, reduce the environmental impact of food and link human health to that of the planet. Read less

Les différents acteurs ont une vision commune sur la valorisation des produits des produits et sa contribution des systèmes alimentaires durables au Niger. Cependant quelques points de divergence et d’éclaircissement ont été discutés. Production : la production a été traitée en tant que système de production alors qu’il était question de la traiter comme source d’approvisionnement des unités de transformation. Chaine de valeur : désigne l’ensemble des acteurs et des activités qui font passer un produit agricole de base du stade de la production dans les champs à sa conso... Read moremmation finale, processus dont chaque stade voit de la valeur ajoutée au produit. Filière : Une filière agricole comprend une chaîne d'acteurs (producteurs, transformateurs, distributeurs) engagés autour d'une même matière première agricole et ayant un projet commun de développement à moyen ou à long terme. Les interdépendances entre ces acteurs peuvent être de natures financières, économiques, réglementaires, techniques, sociales et environnementales. Industrialisation : l’industrialisation aura pour impact la disparition des petites entreprises et la réduction des emplois. Elevage : l’élevage pastoralisme a été complétement omis dans les travaux de groupe. Ce n’est que lors de la restitution que ce gap a été relevé et complété. Valeur notionnelle : la valeur nutritionnelle a été traitée en termes d’exigence à atteindre et de dispositions à prendre pour répondre à cette exigence. Ainsi le travail de groupe a été axé sur les mécanismes à mettre en place pour que la valeur nutritionnelle des produits locaux du Niger soit connue, évaluée et présentée sur l’étiquette. Read less

La valorisation des produits agro syslvo pastoraux pour contribuer à la sécurité alimentaires et notionnelle au Niger est au cœur des politiques nationales. Il a été recommandé de travailler avec les pouvoirs politiques et toutes parties prenantes (ONG, Recherche, Institutions de financement, secteur privé, OP) pour coordonner les interventions dans le secteur de la transformation des produits locaux et pour créer un environnement favorable au développement des PMEs agroalimentaires (allégement des formalités administratives, cadre juridique et fiscal attrayant, qualité de la main... Read more d’œuvre…) et rendre effective la Stratégie nationale d’achat d’aliments auprès des petits producteurs. Il faudra investir dans les techniques de transformation, stockage et conservation mais aussi dans les équipements pour augmenter la durabilité des aliments tout en préservant leur valeur nutritive et la sécurité sanitaire alimentaire. Il fut reconnaitre et ce, à un grand niveau, la qualité, la place et le rôle des transformateurs-trices dans les systèmes alimentaires. C’est cette reconnaissance qui servira de base pour renforcer les appuis existants, évoluer vers la professionnalisation et assurer des revenus durables. La disponibilité des matières premières pour les unités de transformation est également un point crucial qui passe nécessaire par une meilleure organisation au niveau des organisations paysannes et par l’augmentation les volumes de production. Cette recommandation est soutenu par le renforcement des capacités organisationnelles, institutionnelles et techniques des organisations de paysannes, des transformateurs-trices et des unités de production. Le renforcement des capacités passe par l’amélioration des techniques de transformation, stockage et conservation mais également l’amélioration de la qualité (hygiène sanitaire) tout en préservant leur valeur nutritive et la sécurité sanitaire alimentaire. L’accompagnement et l’encadrement des organisations paysannes (producteurs et transformateurs-trices) doivent continuer tout en intégrant le la jeunesse aux problématiques liées au système alimentaire et à la production agricole, afin qu’ils puissent appuyer et accompagner les organisations paysannes. Les débats de la concertation ont également permis de relever l’importance des normes pour assurer l’assurance qualité des produits mais aussi protéger les consommateurs sur les risques alimentaires. La promouvoir la mise à niveau des unités de production-transformation sur les plans des équipements, des ressources humaines, du contrôle de la qualité et de l’allocation des ressources publiques pour la recherche des données statistiques dans le secteur des produits transformés a été discuté et recommandée. Enfin la question de l’éducation nutritionnelle, basée sur les connaissances, attitudes et pratiques locales existantes a été recommandée comme action à promouvoir. Enfin, il est important, comme le prévoit ces concertations, que tous les acteurs, transformateurs, organisations paysannes, secteur public, secteur privé, universités, organisations internationales travaillent en synergie en fonction de leur expertise et expérience respectives Read less

Les perturbations des systèmes alimentaires et des moyens d’existence des populations pourraient affecter leur accès à une alimentation saine. Il est important donc de protéger les chaînes d’approvisionnement alimentaires pour assurer l’alimentation adéquate des populations en particulier pour les plus vulnérables. Des réflexions sur les transformations et actions prioritaires pouvant aider à rendre les systèmes alimentaires plus durables, résilients et sensibles à la nutrition sont nécessaires pour garantir la saine alimentation et contribuer à améliorer la nutrition et l... Read morea santé des populations et la réalisation des cibles des ODD d’ici 2030. Le couplage de la rue marchande aux conférence-ateliers a permis de réunir les vrais acteurs et de ressortir les contraintes réelles. Ainsi, les conclusions générales liées aux pistes d’action sont les suivantes : 1. Prendre en compte la question de l’assurance agricole dans les politiques gouvernementales 2. Protéger les produits locaux transformés qui font face à une réelle concurrence avec les produits importés 3. Reconnaitre la qualité, la place et le rôle des transformateurs dans les systèmes alimentaires 4. Cartographier la transformation agroalimentaire en termes d’acteurs et de gamme de produits agro sylvo pastoraux transformés 5. Promouvoir l’éducation nutritionnelle, basée sur les connaissances, attitudes et pratiques locales existantes. 6. Faciliter l’accès au crédit, pour permettre à l’entreprise d’assainir sa situation financière et de faire face aux pics de production liés à la saisonnalité de l’activité afin d’attirer les investissements extérieurs. 7. Redynamiser/ créer des laboratoires accrédités pour assurer la qualité des analyses 8. Développer, moderniser et améliorer les infrastructures logistiques : transport, stockage, conditionnement et manutention 9. Créer un environnement favorable à l’entreprise (allégement des formalités administratives, cadre juridique et fiscal attrayant, qualité de la main d’œuvre…). 10. Rendre effective la Stratégie nationale d’achat d’aliments auprès des petits producteurs 11. Institutionnaliser/Faciliter l’accès des TPE et PMEs locales à la commande locale avec des quotas d’achats en faveur des produits locaux 12. Créer des unités de production d’emballages de qualité, adaptés et disponibles localement 13. Elaborer une table de composition alimentaire officielle, même basique 14. Subventionner les équipements et l’accès à l’énergie pour les transformateurs-tries 15. Diversifier et adapter les produits et services financiers au contexte des PMEs Read less